Worldwide Oral carcinomas considerable problem. It is crucial to know the molecular incidences of molecular carcinogenesis, as it has a significant association with tobacco in Pakistani population. So, this study aimed to screen out the savage high risk of papilloma virus 16/18 and p16 in oral premalignant lesion and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the p16 correlation between HPV and OPL and OSCC was also analyzed. Method: A total of 150 samples from the oral cavity were taken from the Hayatabad Medical complex (50 samples of OPL and 100 samples of OSCC).In this study we used immunohistochemistry to look for p16 in OPL and OSCC, and we used polymerase chain reaction to find HPV. SPSS 21 was used to input and evaluate the data. The relationship between HPVandp16withdifferentvariables was determined using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results:For p16, 14% of 50 oral premalignant lesions were found positive and 86% were negative. Moreover, while screening for the OSCC, the 18 percent individuals were found positive for OSCC, while the remaining (82%) screened out negative. HPV was diagnosed in 6% of 50 OPL. The co-occurrence of HPV with p16 was found in all the 15 (100%) individual’s with a p value of 0.001. However, three of the 18 cases with p16 expression did not have HPV infection. Conclusion: The current research supports the use of p16 as a unique marker for human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Furthermore, a chemical carcinogen like cigarettes is thought to be one of the main risk factors for p16 and HPV infection, as well as other things.

Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, is commonly used as an anesthetic and analgesic but has recently shown promising research in treating certain psychiatric conditions such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, and substance use disorder. Due to its euphoric, dissociative, and hallucinogenic properties, ketamine has been abused as a recreational drug, which has led to rigid regulation of medication. The COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented challenge for the American population which was reflected in increased reports of problems regarding their mental health. Mood disorders have dramatically increased in the past two years. Approximately one in ten people stated that they had started or increased substance use because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, rates of suicidal ideation have significantly increased when compared to pre-pandemic levels, with more than twice the number of adults surveyed in 2018 indicating suicidal thoughts “within the last 30 days” at the time they were surveyed. Moreover, many responders indicated they had symptoms of PTSD. The PubMed database was searched using the keyword “ketamine,” in conjunction with “depression,” “suicidal ideation,” “substance use disorder,” and “post-traumatic stress disorder.” The inclusion criteria encompassed articles from 2017 to 2022 published in the English language that addressed the relationship between ketamine and mental health disorders. With this sharp increase in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and an increased public interest in mental health combined with the promise of the therapeutic value of ketamine for certain mental health conditions, including suicidal ideation, this narrative review sought to identify recently published studies that describe the therapeutic uses of ketamine for mental health. Results of this review indicate that ketamine’s therapeutic effects offer a potential alternative treatment for depression, suicidal ideation, substance use disorders, and PTSD.

Aim: This study aimed to find out rhabdomyosarcoma’s (RMS) histopathological and immunohistochemical features. Settings: The current study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Section of Histopathology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. The study duration was between from 1st January 2015 to 30th of December 2020. Results: In the current study, all the 300 occurrences were found to be relevant. The most prevalent rhabdomyosarcoma was embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) (87.4%), followed by alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) (9.4%). In the current study we found that embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas was most frequent in males (64%). ERMS were 16.1 percent found in the genitourinary system followed by neck and head region (46.7%). Most samples displayed positive Desmin and MyoD1 immunohistochemistry staining. Conclusions: It is consistent with previously published rhabdomyosarcoma data from all across the globe that our patients' epidemiologic information and microscopic findings are consistent with one other.

In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical and micromorphological techniques for analyzing small intestinal biopsies from adults suspected of celiac disease. Methods: The study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from December 2018 to August 2019. Fifty (50) specimens of small intestinal mucosal biopsies were examined in adult celiac disease patients over the age of 14 years. Modified Marsh Criteria were used to record their histomorphology data. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the kind of intraepithelial lymphocytes. H&E staining and CD3 and CD20 immunostaining were used to count intraepithelial lymphocytes. Results: Seventin (34%) of patients were between the ages of 21 and 30 years, and 22% were between the ages of 41 and 50. Out of total 50 cases, males were 42 (84%). Thirteen (26%) of the cases had focal villous atrophy, 32 (64% of the cases) had partial villous atrophy, and 5 (10%) had total villous atrophy. Antibody to tissue transglutaminase was found to be positive in 21 (42%) of the patients. In all 50 cases, the CD3 immunomarker indicated intraepithelial lymphocytes, while the CD20 immunomarker showed localized positivity in lymphoid follicle development. On both H&E stain and immunostaining CD3 and CD20, the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was determined to be nearly identical (with a difference of 3 - 4 lymphocytes). Conclusion: Males between the ages of 21 and 30 were the most affected. Partial villous atrophy and lymphocytic enteritis were the most common histological changes. All intraepithelial lymphocytes were distributed in a crescendo-like manner.

Background: The use of xylene as a cleaning agent is required for hematoxylin and eosin staining. On the other hand, there is cause for concern when it comes to the dangers of xylene exposure. Xylene has been replaced with a variety of solutions, including essential oils, during tissue processing. The objective of this research was to see whether Cedarwood oil, an essential oil, could be utilised as a substitute for Xylene in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Histopathology and Microbiology Department. The department's archives yielded thirty blocks of paraffin from the regular biopsy material. For my diffuser combination, I purchased cedar wood oil from an organic and natural goods store in my neighbourhood. The 30 tissue samples that were processed, each of the 30 tissue samples that was processed was washed with an essential oil (utilised 8 percent cedarwood oil) or xylene before being sliced into four-micron-thick slices and stained with E and H stain. They were rated based on the uniformity, clarity, and transparency of the stained sections. Results: The three staining quality indicators tested showed a strong link between cedarwood oil and xylene. Conclusions: It is our opinion that cedarwood oil may be used as a xylene substitute in the histopathology laboratory. Keywords: H and E stain, xylene, histo-techniques,