The current study was carried out to evaluate efficiency of different vaccination programs in protecting broiler chicken against Virulent Viscerotropic Strain of Newcastle disease virus. Different live and inactivated NDV vaccines were used throughout the experiment including; ND-HB1,Elite, LaSota, Inactivated GII and Inactivated GVII. Broiler chicks were divided into 8 groups; 6 groups undergo different vaccination programs against NDV while two groups were kept without vaccination to be the control groups. Challenge was done at day 30 th of age via intranasal administration of NDV velogenic GVII (NDV/CK/Egypt/567F/2012). Abs titers were determined at days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of the experiment. The obtained results of shedding titers of NDV clarified that the lowest shedding titer was recorded in group vaccinated by HB + double shots of Inactivated GVII + Elite + LaSota and HB + double shots of Inactivated GII + Elite + LaSota, then group vaccinated by HB + one shot of Inactivated GVII + Elite + LaSota and HB + one shot of Inactivated GII + Elite + LaSota at days 3, 5, 7 and 9 post challenge day at 30 th , respectively compared to those vaccinated by live vaccines HB + LaSota only and HB + Elite + LaSota only. Also, no mortalities (100% protection rate) were recorded in groups vaccinated with both live and inactivated NDV vaccines compared to low mortality rates recorded in groups vaccinated with live vaccines only. Based on the recorded results, it was concluded that application of ND vaccination programs containing both live and double inactivated vaccines (either GII or GVII) was found to be more effective than those depending on one shot of inactivated vaccine (either GII or GVII) plus live vaccines and more effective than program including live vaccines only.

Key words:Dermatophytosis, Farm animals, Human, Isolation A total of 150 hair and skin scraping samples were collected from clinically suspected ring worm lesions found on different parts of the body of individually owned animals including; cattle (50), buffaloes (25), sheep (50) and horses (25) of different ages and sex from Abo El Matameer District, Behera Province during the period extended from June 2014 to May 2015 to be investigated for presence of dermatophytes. In addition, 50 samples of hair and skin scrapings were collected from human patients clinically diagnosed as having Tinea of various ages and sex whom their history revealed that there was an animal contact with the examined species. Samples were transported under possible aseptic condition with the minimum of delay to the laboratory of the Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University where they were subjected to mycological examination. The obtained results revealed that the overall prevalence of dermatophytosis in different animal species was 74 % and the highest prevalence was observed in examined samples of sheep (78%) followed by buffaloes (76%) then cattle and horses (72 and 68%, respectively). Also, it was observed that the prevalence of dermatophytosis was higher in females than in males in examined samples of cattle, buffaloes and sheep while in examined samples of horses, it was noticed that males was higher than females. Also, it was found that the prevalence of dermatophytosis was higher in examined samples of the age group (˂ 2 years) than in the age group (2-˃ 2 years). The frequency of isolation of dermatophytes from examined animal species clarified that T. verrucosum was isolated with the highest frequency (47.33%) followed by T. mentagrophytes (14%) and they were isolated from all animal species under investigation then T. equinum (7.34%) that was isolated from examined samples of horses only and finally M. canis (5.33%) that was isolated from examined samples of cattle and sheep only. The overall prevalence of dermatophytosis in examined samples of the clinically suspected human patients was 82% and males' prevalence (52%) was higher than females (30%). In addition, the highest prevalence was observed in the age group (15-˂ 30 years) followed by the age group (˂ 15 years) and finally the age group (˃ 30 years). Moreover, It was noticed that T. corporis constituted the highest prevalence (40%) followed by T. pedis (18%) then T. capitis and T. cruris (16 and 8%, respectively).

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are a universal public health alarm frequently identified among humans, animals, and poultry. Livestock and poultry production are a possible source of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, including ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which confer antimicrobial resistance to different β-lactam antimicrobial agents. From January to May 2020, a cross-sectional study was carried out in three dairy cattle farms and four poultry farms in different districts of northern Egypt to assess the prevalence of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella in livestock, poultry, and human contacts, and to investigate the genetic relatedness of the recovered isolates. In total, 140 samples were collected, including human fecal samples (n = 20) of workers with intimate livestock contact, cattle rectal swabs (n = 34), milk (n = 14), milking machine swabs (n = 8), rations (n = 2), and water (n = 2) from different cattle farms, as well as cloacal swabs (n = 45), rations (n = 5), water (n = 5) and litter (n = 5) from poultry farms. The specimens were investigated for ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella using HiCrome ESBL media agar. The agar disk diffusion method characterized the isolated strains for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 30.0%, 20.0%, and 25.0% in humans, cattle, and poultry, respectively. Further genotypic characterization was performed using conventional and multiplex PCR assays for the molecular identification of ESBL and AmpC genes. The majority of the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed a multi-drug resistant phenotype. Additionally, blaSHV was the predominant ESBL genotype (n = 31; 93.94%), and was mainly identified in humans (n = 6), cattle (n = 11), and poultry (14); its existence in various reservoirs is a concern, and highlights the necessity of the development of definite control strategies to limit the abuse of antimicrobial agents.

Background Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common bacterial infections and is widespread globally. It causes a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, though a great proportion of infections are asymptomatic. A total of 143 fresh stool samples were collected from apparently healthy farm and pet animals (43 cattle, 50 buffaloes, 50 sheep, 50 dogs, and 50 cats), in addition to 768 human stool samples. The samples were examined using stool antigen and rapid antibody tests, and further confirmation of glmM “human antigen-positive samples and animal milk samples” was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The prevalence rates of H. pylori infection in animals were 22.2% and 16% in antibody and stool antigen tests, respectively. The detection rates were 28%, 24%, 12%, 10%, and 4.7% in cats, dogs, buffaloes, sheep, and cattle, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in human stool samples was 74.8%, and a statistically significant association was observed between prevalence and several factors, such as sex, age, and locality. PCR was performed to detect the glmM gene of H. pylori, and this gene was found in 21 of 27 human antigen-positive samples and 5 of 13 animal milk samples. Conclusions H. pylori was detected in both human and animal samples. Furthermore, glmM was found in milk and human samples. Our findings suggest that pet and farm animals could transmit H. pylori infection to humans.

The chemical fitness of water used in so me broiler farms in Behera and Kafr El sheikh Provinces was assessed and effects of some of the detected chemical pollutants on the body weight and the immune response of broiler chicken to so me vaccines including New castle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines were studied. A total of 100 water samples were co llected including; 71 water samples fro m chicken farms (44 samp les fro m underground water and 27 fro m tap water) and 29 water samples were collected fro m streams and canals located at the same areas of chicken farms. Chemical examination was performed at The Central Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El Sheikh Un iversity to determine the levels of lead, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmiu m and cobalt. The obtained results revealed detection of lead, copper, iron, zinc, manganese in some of the examined sample and their maximu m concentration were 0.23, 0.67, 2.15, 7.75, 2.99 mg/l, respectively while cadmiu m and cobalt could not be detected in all samples. The effects of the detected chemical pollutants on the body weight and the immune response of broiler chicken to so me vaccines were evaluated. 195 one day old broiler chicks were randomly selected and divided in to 6 groups (each group contains two sub groups; each sub group contains 15 chicks), that were received water with selected chemical pollutants including lead, iron, copper, zinc and manganese and one group containing 15 ch icks was reared as a control group that received distilled water. All the experimental groups was vaccinated against ND and IBD then the antibody titers of ND and IBD vaccines was measured by the Heamagglutination Inhibit ion Test (HI test) and En zy me linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), respectively. The obtained results revealed that the group of chicks received water containing the low and high levels of lead showed a significant decrease in antibody titer when co mpared with control g roup. Also, the group received treated water with high level of copper showed a significant decrease in the antibody titer of ND at days 21 and 28 when co mpared with control group. Results of ELISA showed a significant decrease in antibody titer of IBD at day 21 in the group received water containing the high dose of copper. By co mparing the final body weight of all groups, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the body weight of groups received high level of lead and high level of all po llutants together. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the body weight of the group received high level of zinc. Finally, it was concluded that lead and copper had an adverse effect on the immune response of broiler chicken and their body weight so periodical examination of water for presence of chemical pollutant especially heavy metals is suggested.