Sustainability in petroleum wells drilling operation systems strongly depends on the use of sustainable materials and a set of technical and safety measures that lead to the survival and proper operation of drilling rig equipment's and personnel. Adherence to the highest levels of standards of tools, materials and methods, although always recommended as the most important option for advancing a safe drilling operation and completing the well efficiently, low risk and stable, but drilling operation is inherently a battle with underground challenges and unexpected dangers. Learning from past such well blowout events and the problems they pose to rapidly control is essential to reduce future impacts including injuries, damage and emissions. Such analysis offers guidance for adapting working practices to improve both prevention and emergency response to such incidents. The causes of blowout during drilling and the necessary technical and safety measures to adopt are reviewed, highlighting how best practices can prevent blowout incidents by improving responses to early warning signals. The particular risks associated with potential shallow gas blowouts are identified and described with the aid of a case study associated with a catastrophic blowout of an onshore well in Iran and the methods used to ultimately control it. The multiple causes of the incident relating to defects in safety systems, equipment and operating procedures are addressed. Lessons learned from the incident reveal the complexity of well control once a blowout incident has occurred and developed into a surface fire. from the stage of the incident to fire control. There is a need for further research into top-hole well kill techniques for wells in a blowout state, as drilling bottom-hole relief wells takes substantial time, during which much surface damage, resource loss and emission typically occurs.

Increasing demand for energy has forced oil companies to resort to secondary and tertiary methods to increase the recovery from the existing reservoirs. In this paper, enhancing the recovery factor of one of Iranian reservoirs which is a naturally fractured reservoir was investigated. For this reservoir, it is estimated that 96.5 percent of oil is contained in the matrix and 3.5 percent in the fractures. The field is an undersaturated reservoir with no active gas cap and no strong water aquifer. In this paper, injections of water, gas, water alternating gas (WAG), and infill wells on this field was investigated to increase the recovery factor. Eclipse 100 was employed to simulate the reservoir. The simulated results showed that gas, water, and WAG injections had insignificance improvements on oil recovery. However, it was found that infill wells contribute an appreciable increase in recovery. The amount of increase for drilling five infill wells was around five percent. Since development of existing resources contributes a major role on the supply of oil for the future oil market (around 45 percent by 2030), these results are used to screen the various methods for increasing the recovery of such reservoirs. Introduction Enhancing the recovery of an oil reservoir is one of the major roles of any oil company. This is achieved by development of the oilfields by employing different techniques such as infill drilling, water injection, gas injection, water alternate gas (WAG) injection, and even thermal methods. These enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are implemented on mature oil fields to recover additional reserves after primary recovery methods have run their course. By increasing production efficiency, EOR methods can increase the economic life of older fields by as much as 30 years. Among various reservoirs, naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) exhibit one of the most complicated behaviors, because they are comprised of matrices and fractures. When secondary and EOR methods are applied to these reservoirs, fractures tend to channel injected fluids through the reservoir to production wells. This results in much of the oil in the matrix blocks being bypassed and not recovered which leads to a low recovery efficiency from fractured reservoirs. Therefore, the recovery from the matrix blocks contributes substantially to the overall recovery of such reservoirs. Matrix recovery is achieved by an interaction between the fluid in the fracture and the oil in the matrix. The fluid in the fracture is believed to act as a force displacing the matrix oil out of matrix by viscous displacement, mass transfer, or capillary displacement.1,2

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Sustainability in petroleum wells drilling operation systems strongly depends on the use of sustainable materials and a set of technical and safety measures that lead to the survival and proper operation of drilling rig equipment's and personnel. Adherence to the highest levels of standards of tools, materials and methods, although always recommended as the most important option for advancing a safe drilling operation and completing the well efficiently, low risk and stable, but drilling operation is inherently a battle with underground challenges and unexpected dangers. Learning from past such well blowout events and the problems they pose to rapidly control is essential to reduce future impacts including injuries, damage and emissions. Such analysis offers guidance for adapting working practices to improve both prevention and emergency response to such incidents. The causes of blowout during drilling and the necessary technical and safety measures to adopt are reviewed, highlighting how best practices can prevent blowout incidents by improving responses to early warning signals. The particular risks associated with potential shallow gas blowouts are identified and described with the aid of a case study associated with a catastrophic blowout of an onshore well in Iran and the methods used to ultimately control it. The multiple causes of the incident relating to defects in safety systems, equipment and operating procedures are addressed. Lessons learned from the incident reveal the complexity of well control once a blowout incident has occurred and developed into a surface fire. from the stage of the incident to fire control. There is a need for further research into top-hole well kill techniques for wells in a blowout state, as drilling bottom-hole relief wells takes substantial time, during which much surface damage, resource loss and emission typically occurs.

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