A major concern voiced by motor behavior scientists is to find useful practice techniques that can be effective in improving motor learning and performance. Neurofeedback and self-controlled practice are among the techniques that have recently drawn attention from specialists in this area. The present study examined the additive and individual effects of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback as well as self-controlled practice on motor learning and performance in novice golfers. In this semi-empirical study, forty adults (20 females, Meanage = 26.10, SD = 5.56 years) were conveniently selected and randomly assigned to four groups: (1) neurofeedback/self-controlled practice, (2) neurofeedback/yoked practice, (3) sham/self-controlled practice, and (4) sham/yoked practice. The participants performed golf putting task in four stages, namely pretest (12 trials), intervention (one day after pretest; 6 sessions, 36 trails each), post-test (one day after intervention; 12 trials), and follow-up (two weeks after interventions; 12 trials). In addition, the participants had their EEG (SMR wave in Cz point) recorded during pretest, post-test, and follow-up. The results indicated that, although no additive effect was observed for the two practices during different stages of the experiment (p > 0.05), in acquisition and post-test stages, SMR neurofeedback and self-controlled practice independently facilitated golf putting (p ≤ 0.05). However, in the follow-up test, only the neurofeedback practice maintained its positive effects (p ≤ 0.05). The results also showed that participation in SMR neurofeedback practice can enhance the power of the SMR wave (p ≤ 0.05), regardless of the type of the self-controlled practice used. In sum, the two practice techniques seem to be independently effective in facilitating motor learning in instructional settings, particularly for golfers.

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Objective: Evaluation of the effect of 8 weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in sedentary obese young men. Materials and Methods: Thirty sedentary men were randomly divided into 3 groups: the 30s HIIT training group (n=10), the 60s training group (n=10), and the control group (no exercise) (n=10). Interval training with 90 %VO2peak was done in 3 sessions for 8 weeks. cTnT was measured 5 times; pre-exercise, 4hrs, and 24hrs after the first session (4hF, 24hF), and 4hrs and 24hrs after the last training session (4hL, 24hL). ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used by SPSS 23 with a significance level of (P< 0.05). Results: The significant increase in serum levels of cTnT in the post-tests of the 60s HIIT compared to the first 24hrs and the last 24hrs (P= 0.0001). But in the 30s group it was not significant compared to the other measurements (P≥ 0/05). In the 2 training groups, serum levels of cTnT in the last 4hr post-tests of the last week were not significantly different from the 4hrs post-tests of the first week (P≥ 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that none of these activities cause heart damage sustained, and changes in cTnT levels in two 4hrs compared to the first and last 24hrs of the 60s group may be due to reversible leakage of cardiac cell membranes, and may continuous exercise will reduce this reduction.

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