Emergency surgery requires complex and diversified skills and talents to execute procedures from several fields of surgery within 24 hours. The prevalence of emergency surgery is also increasing in recent times and the cohort for emergency general surgery is particularly at risk for readmission. Readmission is considered as one of the predictors of the quality of healthcare. Readmission following emergency surgery is frequent and varies greatly based on patient characteristics and diagnostic types. Readmission is associated with the significant morbidity and mortality, also adds to the increased hospital burden. Various risk factors account for the readmission. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about the readmission rates and risk factors associated with emergency surgeries. About half of patients undergoing emergency surgeries will experience a postoperative complication, and postoperative complications have a strong correlation with hospital readmission. Postoperative complications and readmission have a significant negative influence on patient quality of life and healthcare resources. Different studies have reported an increased prevalence of readmissions after emergency surgeries. Surgical site infection, increased length of hospital stays, readmission at the non-index hospital, comorbidities are some of the commonly reported risk factors of readmission. Establishment and implementation of the preventive strategies for the control of risk factors of readmission can help in reducing the readmission burden.

Inflammatory breast cancer is an uncommon and severe malignancy that frequently goes undiagnosed at first because it presents similarly to more benign breast diseases like mastitis, resulting in delayed treatment. Inflammatory breast cancer affects 1% to 5% of all occurrences of breast cancer and accounts for 8% to 10% of all breast cancer-related deaths. Erythema, skin abnormalities, nipple inversion, edema, and warmth of the affected breast are all signs of inflammatory breast cancer. Recognized risk factors for inflammatory breast cancer include young age at the time of diagnosis, obesity and African American ethnicity. Rapid onset within 3 months and pathologic evidence of invasive carcinoma leads to diagnosis of disease further including erythema occupying at least one-third of the breast, tumour may or may not be present in this case. Chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation make up the trimodal therapy used to treat inflammatory breast cancer. A modified radical mastectomy performed as part of an aggressive surgical strategy improves survival rates. Although patients with inflammatory breast cancer have worse outcomes than those with noninflammatory breast cancer, those who complete trimodal therapy have a positive locoregional control rate, highlighting the significance of an early diagnosis. Physicians must be aware and examine any clinical manifestation of inflammatory breast cancer if present to make a prompt diagnosis and refer patient for expert care timely also awareness and cancer screening can help in prevention of disease. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about an overview of inflammatory breast cancer.

Obesity and its associated comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, are one of today's most pressing health issues and increasing incidence of obesity has marked it a global health challenge. For obese individuals with a high risk of morbidity and mortality who have not lost enough weight with lifestyle and medicinal care and who are experiencing the repercussions of obesity, bariatric surgery should be taken into consideration. Significant weight loss, the remission of coexisting diseases, and an improvement in quality of life are all possible outcomes of bariatric surgery. Laparoscopic procedures account for 96% of all bariatric procedures performed globally, with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) being the most popular and prevalent. The current gold standard for bariatric surgery is LSG, since it is associated with significant complications such as gastroesophageal reflux disease hence a less invasive replacement for LSG was developed, which is endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG). In the past few years, ESG, a relatively new technique of endoscopic bariatric therapy, has become more well-known. Several multi-center studies have established the safety, viability, repeatability, and potential for reversibility of ESG. Although it is inferior to LSG in terms of percentage of total body weight loss (TBWL), but within a year of follow-up, it carries a reduced risk of unfavourable outcomes than other surgical procedures. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about advantages and disadvantages of ESG versus LSG.

Laparoscopy has been introduced as a minimally invasive approach that has been developed to achieve the intended outcomes by open surgeries but with less frequent body injuries and complications. However, evidence indicates that the reported favourable outcomes are mainly based on retrospective data and using historical controls and only a few prospective investigations and clinical trials were published. Furthermore, studies have also demonstrated that following laparoscopy, severe pain can develop similar to or equal to the pain reported during open surgeries that develop within the earliest hours due to the significant tissue trauma introduced by laparoscopy. The present literature review discussed the different causes and types of chronic pain following laparoscopy. We also shed more light on the potential mechanisms and pathophysiology that attributes to the development of pain following laparoscopy. Many studies have indicated the development of chronic pain after 3, 6 and 12 months after hysterectomy, cholecystectomy, nephrectomy, colorectal surgeries and other abdominal surgeries. The development of postoperative main might be attributed to the tissue or nerve injury and associated inflammatory status that can also aid to the development of pain in such settings. Evidence also shows that the incidental pain following laparoscopy is similar or superior to that following open surgeries. Therefore, further interventional approaches are needed to enhance the outcomes.

The field of surgery has been greatly affected during the pandemic due to the shift of resources to manage the huge numbers of COVID-19 cases. In this study, we aim to review the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on elective surgeries and the subsequent complications, in addition to the previously announced preparations and precautions for performing surgeries whenever indicated. Preparations include the availability of resources and performing each surgery in separate rooms away from other wards within the hospital to prevent any possibility of nosocomial infections. Moreover, limiting the number of individuals within the operation room and wearing personal protective equipment should be done. Limiting hospital visits and reducing in-hospital stays is also recommended. Regarding cancer operations, malignant tumors that were indicated for surgeries cannot be postponed. However, other non-malignant ones can be delayed depending on the pathologist's perspective and the symptomatology of the tumor. Besides, other surgeries like plastic and reconstructive ones can be re-scheduled. Additionally, most surgeries like urologic, orthopedic, and neurological operations can be delayed unless they are associated with a life-threatening lesion that can only be healed by surgical interference. On the other hand, palliative surgeries aiming to manage obstructions of the gastrointestinal tract cannot be delayed.