Objective: The purpose of the study was to find out the pattern of antimicrobial prescription among dental practitioners in a tertiary care center in North India. Methods:A total of 100 prescriptions of the patients attending the various dental outpatient departments of Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University were collected and tabulated between January 2016 and June 2016. An observational study was done on the obtained prescriptions on various aspects like dental pathology for which antimicrobial were prescribed, antimicrobial agents used for management of acute and chronic conditions along with their dose and duration. Compliance of the patients during therapy and adverse effects associated with the regimen was also taken into consideration, and the final data were expressed as counts and percentages.Results: Out of a total of 100 patients, 54 (54.0%) were males while females were numbered as 46 (42.0%) with maximum distribution of the patients between 31 and 40 years. On analysis, the most commonly presented dental condition for which antimicrobials were prescribed were acute/chronic periodontitis (48%), acute/chronic gingivitis (32%), caries (11%), post root canal treatment (4%), pericoronitis (3%), oral trauma (1%), and other condition (1%). For the management of above conditions, antimicrobials were the most extensively used agents which were prescribed for only 3-5 days which may not be sufficient, followed by analgesics and antimicrobial mouthwashes. Among the antimicrobials used, most frequently used agents were amoxicillin (50%) followed by ornidazole (21%), ofloxacin (20%), doxycycline (16%), cefixime (9%), and ciprofloxacin (3%) used either alone or in combination for the management of acute and chronic conditions. Only two patients were advised for culture and sensitivity tests before antimicrobial therapy because of noncompliance of patients. The majority (74%) of patients completed the prescribed regimen of antimicrobials while 7 patients reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs), among which most common were nausea and vomiting. Conclusions:In our study, we found that the periodontal diseases were the most frequently reported conditions followed by acute/chronic gingivitis for which antimicrobials were prescribed while amoxicillin and ornidazole were the most commonly used antimicrobials for the management of various acute and chronic dental conditions, but were prescribed without culture and sensitivity in most cases. 7% patients reported ADRs. To conclude appropriate measures are to be promoted for rational prescribing and ADR reporting.

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Aim: Objective of study was to evaluate the drug resistance pattern in various antibiotics with the biofilm-producing capability of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated for identification from total of 83 OPD and IPD patients by analysing colony morphology, microscopic examination, and performed biochemical testing. Antibiotics susceptibility Tests and biofilm-producing capacity was done by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and adherence quantitative assays. Chi-square test was used and P < 0.05 was measured as statistically significant. Results: Out of 83 isolates, 47 (56.6%) were Biofilm Producer and 36 (43.4%) were non-biofilm producers by tissue culture method, and tube method 62.7% and 37.3% respectively. Among biofilm producer and non-biofilm producer isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae had the most Resistant to Ceftazidime (100%) & (61.0%), followed by Ceftriaxone (56.0%) & (95.7%) respectively. The association between biofilm and antibiotic resistance was checked to be statistically significant for aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, Cephalosporin’s, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amoxyclav, and Piperacillin Tazobactam. No resistance was observed against Colistin and Polymyxin B. Conclusion: The strain Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different samples showed drug resistance to all broad-spectrum antibiotics whereas there is no drug resistance was found with narrow-spectrum drugs. This study supports the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics for most of infections.