Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common infectious disease encountered by children under the age of two years and the most common cause of antibiotic use in children in the United States. AOM causes irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, imbalance, and dizziness in patients, especially young children. This assessment was conducted to measure the effectiveness of surgical interventions in treating AOM. We reviewed the present findings regarding the etiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and surgical treatment of complications of AOM. Pain associated with AOM (otalgia) can be severe enough to cause parents to seek treatment for their infants or children. Various suggested measures have been used to treat AOM; antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin is still the treatment of choice for AOM, yet other antibiotics may be used in cases of allergy to penicillin or recent use of amoxicillin. Surgical intervention has been introduced and studied as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measure for AOM; nevertheless, a few studies have shown that surgical interventions are beneficial in treating and preventing AOM compared to the common practice of using antibiotics. Overdiagnosis of AOM is widespread, leading to injudicious antibiotic use, which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Further management should be determined together with the parent, particularly if observation is the primary intervention.

Otitis media (OM) is an infection that occurs in the middle ear and can affect the structures around the ear, as well as the auditory system. It is one of the most frequent diseases affecting young children each year, especially those aged around six years, due to the anatomical structure and developing immune system.Although some cases of OM resolve spontaneously, children often need medical care since difficulties persist with such infections. The incidence of OM is higher among children than adults, and therefore, their speaking, hearing, and learning capabilities and general development are impaired by recurring middle ear infections.The literature over the last 40 years has documented the impact of early auditory deprivation produced by early OM with effusion (OME) on central auditory processing (CAP). This study aimed to review the impact of acute ear infections on hearing capacity, assess the complications of OM, and document the scientific evidence around the implications of early OME-induced hearing loss in children.Studies have reported the association between hearing loss owing to early OME and alterations in CAP in both children and adolescents. The auditory foundation enables hearing capacity, but this is continually depleted. Therefore, the use of strong antibiotics, sound amplification, hearing rehabilitation, and ear surgery in children must be improved.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major public health challenge. All types of elective and semi-urgent medical care and procedures have been discontinued during the pandemic to maintain the capacity to care for patients with this disease. The pandemic has had a significant impact on almost every medical field, including pediatric otolaryngology. This review highlights the impact of COVID-19 on surgical interventions and medical practices in pediatric otolaryngology owing to its direct association with ear, nose, and throat disorders, with an emphasis on immediate and potential long-term transformations in clinical practice. We reviewed several articles and scientific websites and summarized the currently available evidence and best practices for safety in the field of otolaryngology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Extensively discussed issues in pediatric otolaryngology include surgical interventions, medical practices, modes of transmission of COVID-19, personal protective equipment, and duration of exposure. Otolaryngologists should preserve their integrative medical approaches and subspecialty expertise during the COVID-19 pandemic. There has been a marked change in the approach to managing pediatric ear, nose, and throat conditions, both in the outpatient department and operating room, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic requires a great deal of flexibility and necessitates exploring new opportunities to create a safe and patient-friendly environment for children with otolaryngology problems. Many of the precautions implemented will remain necessary until a robust evidence shows the pandemic has come to an end.