Purpose The characteristic of managers’ personality is a key factor in their decision-making. One of the most important personality characteristic of managers is overconfidence. Overconfident managers have false trust about their abilities and have a positive view of the firm’s future performance. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the association between managerial overconfidence and internal control weaknesses (ICW) of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Design/methodology/approach Sample includes the 480 firm-year observations from companies listed on the TSE during the years 2013–2017, and the hypothesis is tested using multivariate regression model based on panel data analysis. Findings The authors found that managerial overconfidence increases the firms’ ICW. The findings are robust to alternative measure of managerial overconfidence, individual analysis of the research hypothesis for each year and endogeneity concern. Moreover, additional analysis reveals that the positive relationship between managerial overconfidence and ICW is less pronounced in larger firms. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the association between managerial overconfidence and ICW in emerging capital markets and, therefore, can contribute to extend the current literature on managerial overconfidence and ICW in developing countries, especially Iran’s emerging capital market.

Purpose During the current century, environmental sustainability and waste reduction processes have always been subject to scrutiny in developed societies. Developed communities have gained considerable momentum by investing in environmental infrastructure and integrating corporate performance disclosure and less developed communities are involved with it. Carbon disclosure is one of the aspects of green accounting in “corporate strategies,” especially those operating across the capital market. Adherence to the disclosure of facts can facilitate sustainable development in societies. This study aims to present strategic reference points matrix-based model to develop a framework for carbon disclosure strategies through institutional and stakeholder pressures throughout the capital market. Design/methodology/approach As a case study, by reviewing similar research on carbon disclosure, this study seeks to illustrate various carbon disclosure aspects and strategies in a matrix based on institutional (vertical axis) and stakeholder (horizontal axis) pressures Findings The study attempts to states that carbon disclosure is affected solely by the company because of the presence of agency gaps between external stakeholders and corporate executives. Originality/value However, the firm’s decision to adopt a carbon disclosure strategy depends on the performance of stakeholder pressure (stakeholder salience level) and managers’ perceptions of institutional pressure (institutional pressure centrality level).

Purpose Considering the constraints on resources and the need for firms’ planning to avoid recession and underdevelopment, enhanced investment efficiency would promote the capital market attractiveness and increase the performance of capital market investment. Empowering these markets through investment efficiency requires to promote the flow of information disclosure to stakeholders to provide the greater coherence and integration of information, enhance equal decision-making capabilities and promote trust and confidence in the company. The present study aims to examine the impact of stakeholder relationship capability on investment efficiency through testing the mosaic theory. Design/methodology/approach In this study, two criteria (namely, the ratio of net fixed assets to total assets and investment level) were used to measure investment efficiency. Furthermore, meta-synthesis and Delphi analyses were adopted based on a five-point Likert scale to measure the development of stakeholder relationship capability. To collect the research data, the questionnaires were sent to 142 companies in 2019, of which 112 questionnaires were returned by the managers of the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. To fit and test the research hypothesis, partial least squares analysis was used. Findings After confirming the fit of the model, the results revealed that the stakeholder relationship capability had a positive and significant effect on investment efficiency. Originality/value With regard to the mosaic theory, this finding confirms that the equity of information in reflecting news and knowledge among stakeholders can promote the role of the firm’s stakeholder relationship capability, thus enhancing the investment efficiency.

In this study we consider the relationship and the effect of performance of non executive directors and ownership concentration on earnings manipulation by company's managers. On the basis of governance rule and also Iran business rule, the companies in Tehran stock exchange should abide about the combination of the board and also interrelated committee and protect minority stockholders against majority. In order to do this research, the information of the companies in financial statements and the reports of the Tehran stock exchange have been used. For the measurements of the earnings smoothing John's adjusted model has been used and for the measurement of the concentration of company's ownership "Herfindal" and "Hireshman" has been used. The choice of the companies is randomly and the confidence interval has been considered %95 .For research , observe 435 corporation- year and time period is 2005 – 2010. The results of the research reveal don't meaningful relationship of non executive directors and discretionary accrual accounting and the relationship is a positive. In companies which the concentration of ownership is high, management and earnings manipulation is also high and has a meaningful relationship and negative with these variables. The segregation of the companies into government and private causes to different the results. In private companies the concentration of the ownership is little and the statistical mean of discretionary accrual accounting items is low and non executive directors ratio is low but in governmental corporations statistical mean of discretionary accrual accounting item is high and ratio of corporations that has internal auditing is high to private corporations . Further more almost of non executive directors in Iranian corporation have nonfinancial technique and knowledge and ratio of them in board corporation is higher than executive directors.

Since the auditing profession is a process engaged in judgment activities, knowing the reasoning concepts to achieve a level of rationale in audit judgment is the theoretical and fundamental concept in this profession. In this regard, tactfulness is one of the decision-making components in an auditor's judgment that assigns a level of reasoning for making an intellectual decision and promotes the level of judgment quality in auditing. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is Auditors' Wise Tactfulness in Professional Judgments by Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM). The mixedmethods approach was used for the research in which, in the qualitative part, two experts population as panel members, and, in the quantitative part, 30 independent auditors as the statistical population participated. In the qualitative part, the meta-analysis approach was used to identify the themes related to wise tactfulness in professional judgment, and then, the basic themes selected were examined based on two criteria, concordance coefficient and average, in three rounds reciprocally until theoretical saturation was met. At this point, 14 themes were accepted among 20 basic themes. In the quantitative part, the themes accepted were coded first and then were distributed among the respective population, based on a matrix questionnaire, to identify the most 96