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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the most serious and disturbing side-effects of dopamine receptor antagonists. It affects 20-50% of patients on long-term antipsychotic therapy. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment is often challenging. Here, we present a 32-year-old woman presenting with a 9-month history of TD occurring after risperidone withdrawal, and characterized almost exclusively by tongue protrusion. After being seen by different specialties and undergoing multiple investigations, she was eventually correctly diagnosed with TD by a specialist team and successfully treated with amantadine. Vigilance and awareness of this condition and its risk factors are required to make the correct diagnosis, especially in cases with unusual presentations caused by atypical antipsychotics, and treatment can be challenging.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are common autoimmune diseases (AD) that affect joints and have multi-organ involvement that results in disability, morbidity, and increased mortality. Both conditions are known to cause a wide range of ocular manifestations. Antimalarial drugs, mainly hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are among the treatment options for AD that is uniquely characterized by retinopathy as a main side effect. This study examines self-efficacy levels in autoimmune disease patients who were or are currently treated with HCQ and related factors such as patient education, communication with the physician, self-education, and ability to cope with the disease.

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