Objective: Global statistics revealed that respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are one of the main causes of mortality. Klebsiella pneumonia is considered one of the main causes of ARTIs. Levofloxacin has a wide spectrum effect against gram negative and gram positive bacteria, and its inhibitory activity can by improved through nanobiotechnology. Method: A nanohybrid antibiotic was synthesized by intercalating levofloxacin between magnesium oxide layers. The prepared antibiotic was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Results: FT-IR spectrum showed the appearance of new groups in the Lev-MgO spectrum, which indicate the creation of a new compound. XRD spectrum revealed the presence of new diffraction planes which support the results obtained from FT-IR technique. SEM images demonstrated that MgO particles were converted to structure similar to coins arranged in irregular mode. AFM images showed the formation of spherical nanoparticle that indicates the formation of a new compound. Conclusion: The nanohybrid antibiotic was efficient in inhibiting twelve Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from respiratory tract infections.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune metabolic disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells due to the autoimmune reactions of autoreactive T-cells and autoantibodies. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the levels of connecting peptide (C-peptide), and several biochemical and immunological markers in patients with T1DM treated with insulin. For this purpose, a total of 5 ml venous blood was collected from 44 patients with T1DM and 28 healthy volunteers. Relevant clinical examinations were carried out. The contents of C-peptide, IL-4 and IL-5 were determined using the corresponding ELISA kits. The normal ranges for liver and renal function tests were set for both patients and controls. The results revealed that the mean concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was higher in patients with T1DM compared with healthy controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, the levels of IL-5 were decreased in patients with T1DM compared with healthy individuals. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the levels of C-peptide and cytokines with the exception of IL-4 in healthy volunteers, which were positively correlated with those of C-peptide. Overall, the results demonstrated that the low C-peptide levels in patients with T1DM were not associated with the measured parameters. However, patients with T1DM could still be at high risk of developing pathological complications due to the enhanced levels of glucose and H 2 O 2 , and the decreased levels of IL-5.