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Background: Disintegration family it is the family under separation, divorce, the death of one or both parents. It is the legal termination or dissolution of the marriage bond that has been concluded between the husband, the wife and by a judgment issued by a court of competent jurisdiction or according to a law issued by the legislative authority. Aims of the study: determination of disintegration family among secondary school adolescents, assess secondary school's adolescents' number of failure years, determine the impact of disintegration family on adolescents' number of failure years, and to find-out the relationship between adolescent's number of failure years under disintegration family and their socio-demographic characteristics of gender, age, family type, parent's education levels, and socio-economic status.

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submissions. BCVA (Best Corrected Visual Acuity) scores were available for limited number of East Asian patients (N= 35) from a phase III, 12-month, randomized, double-masked, multicenter, active-controlled study (RADIANCE). To populate a transition probability matrix with 8 health states based on BCVA scores, a statistical model was proposed to simulate a larger hypothetical patient cohort. A mixedeffect model was fitted on the observed BCVA scores with baseline BCVA score as covariate, patients as random effect and an autoregressive AR(1) error correlation structure amongst the repeated observations. This model was used to simulate a patient cohort of 35,000. Transition probabilities were estimated using traditional division by row sum method. Several simulations were run to confirm consistency of results. Results: From baseline to month 3, percentage of patients with BCVA ≥ 20 letters gain was 22.45% in observed data vs 22.49% in simulated data, and percentage of patients with BCVA ≥ 20 letters loss was 0.008% in observed data vs 0.009% in simulated data. BCVA change from baseline to month 3 in simulated data (mean= 13.3, SD= 8.3) was verified with that of the observed data (mean= 13.3, SD= 8.8). ConClusions: Transition probability estimation by simulation from a fitted statistical model can overcome the challenges posed by small patient cohorts and multiple state transitions.objeCtives: In cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), mean survival difference (QALYadjusted) over a lifetime horizon is required. Parametric models are necessary to extrapolate survival outcomes beyond the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) period. However, mean survival is very sensitive to the assumed model and different mean survival times may result from models fitting similarly well to the RCT data. We investigate the idea that other sources of information, external to the trial data, could be used to inform model choice and estimation. Methods: We explored various survival models and we show how external information can be used to put constraints on spline-based survival models. We illustrate with a Technology Appraisal (TA) of head and neck cancer where RCT evidence had 5 year follow up. A US cancer database (SEER), general population data and expert opinion were used to impose constraints on overall survival, conditional survival, and hazard ratio. RCT and external data were fitted simultaneously within a Bayesian framework. Results: Standard survival time distributions were insufficiently flexible to simultaneously fit both the RCT data and general population constraints. Spline models were sufficiently flexible, although there were difficulties choosing initial values. A good fit to all sources of internal and external evidence was achieved within one integrated model using splines on the log hazard. Cetuximab in addition to radiotherapy improves the expected survival by 4.7 months [95% CrL: 0.4; 9.1] compared to radiotherapy alone. ConClusions: The method enabled us to estimate models consistent with all evidence. Clinical knowledg...

Objectives: To assess the secondary schools obese adolescents' self esteem level. Methodology: A descriptive study is carried out at AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf City, of December 1st, 2011 to April 6th, 2012. A multi stage sample of (1350) subjects; it is selected throughout the use of probability sampling. The data are collected through the use of semi-constructed questionnaire, which consist of three parts (1) Economic Sociodemographic data of that consist of 14-items (2) Index of Self Esteem Scale that consists of 25-items (3) Anthropometric Measurements which consist of Weight and Height. Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of (24) experts. Results: The finding of the present study indicate that there is highly significant relationship between the obesity and the study participants' gender, their order in the family, mother education level, and family socio-economic status. While the obesity and the other variables indicated no significant relationship. The results also shows highly significant relationship between the obesity and the index of self esteem. There is a significant relationship between the index of self-esteem domain and the order of student in family, fathers' education level, and socio-economic status. Other variables indicated no significant. Conclusion: Present study concluded that the most of the secondary schools obese adolescents have self-esteem problem, and percentage of obesity (17.3%). Recommendation: the study recommends that the students would be given an opportunities to participate in social organizations, conferences, and study projects to promote their level of self-esteem constructing and implementing educational programs for secondary schools teachers about how to decrease obesity among their students. Mass media approach should be employed by the Ministry of education to increase students knowledge and awareness of the obesity as a health problem.