Aims: The objective of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of ginger extracts against some pathogenic bacteria responsible for Urinary tract infection. Study Design:  A total of 35 samples were collected from patients with UTIs and wound infections. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at 2 hospitals in Baghdad from1/7/2017 to 1/9/2017 Methodology: The urine sample was collected using a sterile container, while a swap from the infected wound was also taken. The classical methods for diagnosis pathogenic bacteria in urine and wound are based on culture on different microbiological media including. Blood agar, nutrient agar, then incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. The diagnostic procedures consisted of direct microscopy observation, Gram staining, Biochemical tests, Catalase and coagulase tests. Results: Results show that 30.55%, 38.8%, 19.46% and 11.11% isolates gave typical morphological characteristics and biochemical test for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility test reveals that Escherichia coli isolates were 100% sensitive to gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycine. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates reveal that 100% of them were sensitive to gentamicin, Imipenem, ampicillin and streptomycine. Staphylococcus aureus isolates reveal that 100% of them were sensitive to Gentamycine, tetracycline and streptomycine. Klebsiella pneumonae isolates reveal that 100% of them were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and Imipenem.  Ginger roots extract at high concentration (250,500 mg/ml) have strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonae). Conclusion: This study has shown that ginger extracts possess medicinal properties, antibacterial activity and that the inhibition of bacterial growth was dose dependent. The results of the present study show that ginger extracts are more effective against all tested bacterial strains. The results of present study have provided the justification for therapeutic potential of ginger and also used as dietary supplement for food preservation.

Background: Management of patients with invasive breast carcinoma is determined by the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in the tumor cells. It is therefore critical to accurately assess ER, PR, and HER2 (ERPRH2) and avoid false-negative results that could lead to withholding of potentially beneficial therapy. Most laboratories, including ours, evaluate ERPRH2 status of invasive carcinoma on core biopsy (CB) material. We also routinely retest the cancer in the surgical specimen (SS) for any marker negative on CB. Our study evaluates discrepancies in ER and HER2 results in CB and SS to determine if repeat testing is necessary.Methods: Retrospective review of the pathology database found 186 invasive carcinomas from 181 patients in which ERPRH2 had been performed on the CB, and negative stains repeated on the SS. For the purpose of this study, immunoperoxidase stains (IHC) were repeated simultaneously on the CB and SS for the marker with discordant result, using the same antibody. Two study pathologists reviewed all IHC. HER2 FISH was performed on the SS for all cases with a discordant HER2 IHC result.Results: The concordance rate between CB and SS results was 97.3% (181/186) and discordant results were found in 5/186 (2.7%) cases (Table 1). Three cases were discordant in ER (including 2 cases that were PR(-) on CB and SS) and two cases were discordant for HER2. Discrepancy was due to intratumoral heterogeneity in 2 cases. The CB sampled the HER2(-) area of the tumor in one case, but staining of a larger section unveiled the positive focus; the positive result was confirmed by amplification of HER2 detected by FISH. The second case was an invasive lobular carcinoma (IL) with mixed classical and histiocytoid morphology; only the classical IL was ER(+), but the CB had sampled the histiocytoid IL. In two other cases the discrepancy resulted from technical error. Both cases had been prospectively interpreted as ER(-) on CB and ER(+) on SS, but repeat IHC for ER showed positive staining in both the CB and SS. The fifth case was HER2 (0/1+) on CB but equivocal (1-2+) in the SS, where a larger portion of tumor was evaluated; the equivocal result led to reflex HER2 FISH with detection of low level HER2 amplification. Relying solely on the CB would have resulted in the misclassification of 2 tumors as triple negative; repeat stains on the SS showed that one was HER2(+) and the other ER(+).Conclusions: Concordance in the ER and HER2 results between CB and SS was high (97.3%), but 2.7% of cases showed discordant findings. Factors associated with discordance included intratumoral heterogeneity tumor, technical error, and equivocal findings. A triple negative profile on CB converted to either ER(+) or HER2(+) after staining on SS in 2 cases (40% of discordant cases and 1.1% of all cases), impacting patient management. Our findings suggest that any ER and/or HER2 negative result obtained at CB should be confirmed on the SS to ensure appropriate patient management.Findings of discordant casesCaseER (%)HER2HER2 FISH CBSSCBSSSS1OOO3+4.42O951+1+N/P3O1001+1+N/P45501+1+N/P590N/P0-1+1-2+2.6N/P- not performed Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6008.

This study was designed to find the frequency of different abnormalities that can be observed in the results of thyroid function tests in patients with chronic renal failure, who are on hemodialysis, to assess the effect of having chronic renal failure on these frequencies, and to assess effect of age, duration of chronic renal failure, total serum protein level and serum albumin level of the results of thyroid function tests in patients with chronic renal failure, who are on hemodialysis. So that 35 patients with chronic renal failure and on hemodialysis had been randomly selected from those who attended the hemodialysis unit at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital during the period from July 2016 to February 2017, Age and sex matched control had been selected randomly (35 patients). Detailed questionnaire had been applied containing information about the personal information and risk factors. 2 investigated for thyroid function tests and total serum protein and serum albumin levels. This study had shown there is general tendency of all thyroid function tests to be low but with the normal range, this tendency had been shown according to age, duration of chronic renal failure, level of serum albumin and total serum protein. Lower T3 levels are associated statistically with older age, and lower serum albumin levels. Lower TSH is associated with older age and higher total serum protein levels.

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Recent data suggests that some lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) lesions may behave as precursors to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Loss of E-cadherin (E-CD) mediated cell adhesion is characteristic of both LCIS and ILC and is reflected in the dis-cohesive appearance of the individual cells. Subsequent dissociation of the intracellular E-cadherin-catenin-complex (CCC) facilitates tumor progression, invasion and migration. Whether disruption of the CCC plays a role in the progression of select LCIS lesions to ILC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between loss of E-CD and dissociation of the CCC in pure LCIS and LCIS with concurrent ILC (LCIS w/ILC). Methods Thirty patients undergoing mastectomy for LCIS alone or LCIS w/ ILC were prospectively enrolled to an IRB-approved protocol. FFPE blocks were retrieved and sections prepared for IHC. 18 cases had LCIS w/ ILC, 12 cases had pure-LCIS. IHC was performed for ER, PR, E-CD, N-cadherin (N-CD), and α-, β- and phospho-β-catenin. ER/PR positivity was scored as any nuclear staining, and E-CD and N-CD by any membranous staining. a- and β-catenin expression was scored by site (membranous/cytoplasmic/nuclear) of staining compared to normal. Dissociation of the CCC was defined by loss of membranous α- and β-catenin expression.Results Median age at surgery was 51yrs (range 40-79); patients with pure LCIS were younger than those with LCIS w/ ILC (median 48yrs vs 57yrs, p=.0002). Among 18 cases of LCIS w/ ILC, the median tumor size was 2cm (range 1.4-5.7), 9 patients had N1 disease and 1 had M1 disease. All pure LCIS, LCIS w/ ILC and ILC lesions were ER/PR positive and E-CD negative. N-CD expression was also absent in all pure LCIS, LCIS w/ ILC and ILC lesions. Normal α-catenin membranous expression was confirmed in all normal epithelial cells but decreased with the transition from in-situ to invasive disease: pure-LCIS lesions 83%; LCIS w/ ILC 28%; ILC 0%. Loss of membranous α-catenin expression was accompanied by cytoplasmic α-catenin expression in all lesions. A similar trend of decreasing membranous staining from in-situ to invasive disease was observed for β-catenin, however in contrast to α-catenin, cytoplasmic β-catenin expression decreased from 67% in pure LCIS to 11% in LCIS w/ ILC and 6% in ILC. Active β-catenin (nuclear staining) was not seen in pure LCIS lesions and was only present in one case of LCIS w/ ILC. Inactive (phospho) β-catenin expression was present in all lesions.Conclusion Loss of E-CD expression is an early event in lobular neoplasia however subsequent dissociation of the intracellular CCC a a ppears to be a progressive process with complete dissociation occurring only in invasive lesions. This finding suggests that complete disruption of the CCC may be required to facilitate maintenance of the invasive phenotype; however, the absence of N-CD expression and predominance of inactive β-catenin in both in situ and invasive lesions suggests that alternate mechanisms are also required to mediate the pro-invasive effects of CCC dissociation. Further studies into the mechanisms of CCC dissociation and downstream events in lobular carcinoma are needed to define the role of this process in the transition from in-situ to invasive disease. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6149.