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Purpose: To identify the magnitude of delayed language development (DLD) cases, impairment-subtypes, and main risk factors within children referred to phoniatric and Neuropediatric Unit at Sohag University (PNUSU), Egypt. This will help in planning and implementing primary prevention strategies and in organizing public and health care awareness campaigns. Methods: It is a hospital-based descriptive study where hospital records of all cases diagnosed as a language delay presented to PNUSU from January 1 st , 2015 to December, 31 st , 2015 were analyzed. Results: Among 800 cases, DLD due to intellectual disability (ID) is the commonest type (34.4 %) followed by below average borderline intellectual (28.5 %). Risk factors study reveals that 66.7 % of studied children are males, 48.9 % of cases show a history of consanguineous marriage between parents and 20 % of studied children had a positive family history of language, speech, or learning problems. Perinatal and neonatal period risk factors appear most frequently as 54.3 %, and the predominant factor is Hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusion: Reported data reflect the magnitude of language disorders problem in Upper Egypt that necessitates special attention from multi-disciplines toward consanguineous marriage and neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia as both are the highest incidence within investigated cases.

Head and neck schwannomas represent a considerable percentage of extracranial schwannomas. However, intraoral locations are very rare. Schwannomas of the tongue base have been sporadically reported. The exceedingly paucity of literature reports in this location made them usually skipped out when evaluating a tongue base mass. In this work, we aimed to review the literature about this tumor and to report a new case. A comprehensive review in English literature of tongue base schwannomas was done with extraction of the related articles and descriptive analysis of the collected data. Also, we presented a new case of 20-year old girl that presented with a slowly enlarging mass of the tongue over 11 years duration. CT and MRI revealed a large well-defined tongue base mass. Biopsy revealed schwannoma. Transoral complete resection with safety margins was done. Forty-three cases have been reported in literature with slight female predominance. Transoral approach was the commonest approach (76.7%) with the maximal diameter of schwannoma removed transoral was 7.9 cm. In conclusion; despite their rarity, tongue base schwannomas should be included when ever a benign swelling is suspected. Transoral approach is still the standard approach with the least morbidities and best functional outcomes.

SUMMARYComposition of slow, fast and hybrid fibres of pharyngeal muscles, associated with pharyngeal movements and regulation, has been rarely studied. The present study aimed to identify expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) and hybrid isoforms in different pharyngeal muscles of young and aged rats as well as humans. Isoform expression profiles of SERCA, MHC and hybrid isoforms among six components of pharyngeal muscle were immunohistochemically evaluated in rat and human. The result showed that pharyngeal muscles predominantly expressed fast fibres (SERCA1 and MHCII), whereas expression of slow fibres (SERCA2 and MHCI) was low, but different depending on muscle components. Inner layer of pharyngeal muscles expressed more SERCA2 and hybrid fibres than the outer layer. Pharyngeal muscles in aged rats showed increased hybrid fibers and SERCA2. Human thyropharyngeus also showed a higher portion of fast fibres compared to cricopharyngeus. Thus, in contrast to abundance of fast fibres, slow and hybrid fibres are differentially expressed depending on muscle components and layers as well as aging. These results lead to further understanding of coordinated regulation for speech and swallowing. The unique data presented in this study on SERCA isoform expressions in both rats and human suggest an ability to handle calcium changes according functional demands.