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Not many bathymetric maps are available for many lakes and reservoirs in developing countries. Usually the bathymetric mapping requires investment in expensive equipment and fieldwork, both of which are not accessible in these countries. This work demonstrates the ability to develop bathymetric map of Mosul Lake by using a digital elevation model (DEM). The depths model of the lake was designed through the use of three main stages; a coastline extraction, dataset interpolation and a triangular irregular network model. The normalized difference water index (NDWI) was used for automatic delineation of the lake coastline from satellite images. The ordinary kriging interpolation with a stable model was used to interpolate the water depths dataset. Finally a triangulated irregular network (TIN) model was used to visualize the resulting interpolation model. Calculated values of area and volume of a TIN model during 2011 were compared with values of supposed initial operation of the reservoir. The differences of water volume storage between these stages at 321 m water level was about 0.81 × 10 9 m 3 , where the lake lost around 10% of storage value. Also the results of depths lake model show that the change in water storage between March and July 2011 was about 3.08 × 10 9 m 3 .

Groundwater modelling is particularly challenging in arid regions where limited water recharge is available. A fault zone will add a significant challenge to the modelling process. The Western Desert in Iraq has been chosen to implement the modelling concept and calculate the model sensitivity to the changes in aquifer hydraulic properties and calibration by researching 102 observations and irrigation wells. MODFLOW-NWT, which is a Newtonian formulation for MODFLOW-2005 approaches, have been used in this study. Further, the simulation run has been implemented using the Upstream-Weighting package (UPW) to treat the dry cells. The results show sensitivity to the change of the Kx value for the major groundwater discharge flow. Only about 7% of the models from the region can be irrigated utilizing greenhouses supported by external recharge.

Mosul Dam Lake is one of the largest artificial water reservoirs in Iraq, located in the north of the country. This lake is the main source of drinking water in Iraq, providing water to Mosul, Baghdad, and other cities. The surface area of the lake is 385 km 2 at the maximum operation level with a total storage volume of 11.13×10 9 m 3 . The climate of the study area is arid to semi arid, with rainfall not exceeding 300 mm/year. The highest temperature in summer reaches more than 55ºC. The lake is monomictic with overturn occurring in the autumn. The difference between the lake surface and bottom temperatures during the summer is more than 17°C (31 14°C) and 2°C during winter (12 10°C). Secchi disk measurements show that Mosul Dam Lake is mesotrophic; only the outlet of Dohuk River is eutrophic. In the current study, the standard plate count agar procedure was used for analyzing 45 samples for heterotrophic bacteria. These samples have been collected from different depths and locations in the study area during two sampling campaigns in February 2011 and July 2011. Water quality parameters (pH, EC, NO 3 , NO 2 , PO 4 , TIC, and DOC) for the same locations and depths of the sampled bacteria were measured. Results of heterotrophic bacteria analysis show that Mosul Dam Lake is contaminated with bacteria.The river Dohuk is the major source of this pollution. Occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria during the summer exceeds the winter values by 57%. In a layer located 12-15 m below the surface of the lake with a temperature of 10.9°C, a linear correlation between heterotrophic bacteria and water quality parameters (R 2 >0.7) in winter could be observed. However, with respect to phosphorous, a logarithmic relationship with heterotrophic bacteria can be seen. In the summer season, the heterotrophic bacteria had a clear relation with most water quality parameters (R 2 >0.7) at depths of between 40 and 60 m within the