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In this article, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to synthesize an optimal linear array. The technique is applied to synthesize a linear antenna array in the Chebyshev sense or to eliminate a grating lobe. This is may be achieved by optimizing the excitation currents and/or the relative locations of the array elements. These various design parameters are considered in this paper.In synthesizing equiripple radiation patterns, two approaches were used. The excitation currents feeding the array or the spacing between the array elements are optimized. It is to be noted that the desired equal side lobes level is achieved simultaneously with the narrowest possible beamwidth. Although the optimization problem may become nonlinear, convex, or nonconvex, especially if the interelement distances are the optimized parameters, it can be handled using the PSO algorithm. The PSO is simple to implement and does not require evaluation of gradients or coded parameters. In order to effectively utilize this algorithm, it is important to define an objective function that returns a single number to enable the PSO algorithm to minimize it. In this paper, the objective function is formulated to take into consideration both the lobe level and the main beam width. The results obtained using the particle swarm optimization technique are in excellent agreement with those available in the literature.

Filters play important role in many RF/Microwave applications in which they are used to get different responses (band-pass, band-stop, low-pass, and high-pass) [1]. Hairpin Bandpass Filter (HPBF) is simply constructed by folding the λ/2 resonators of the parallelcoupled filter, to get the U shape [2]. HPBF has been used in many applications for different frequencies. In [3], 5.78 GHz with 10% BW HPBF was designed to work for unlicensed WiMAX. Superior harmonics suppression in the response of HPBF is obtained in [4] by adding different Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) to the filter's resonators. The resulted suppressions were 25 dB and 40 dB for the second and the third harmonics. Authors in[5], designed a compact HPBF for 923 MHz RFID application. The compactness was 37 % and it was achieved using via hole grounding. Plackett-Burman Design of Experiment methodology (DOE) was applied in designing 2.4 GHz HPBF for further optimization. The resulted insertion and return loss of this filter were 61% and 15 % improved from the one designed with Gensys software. 2 GHz-4 GHz HPBF was designed in [6] for satellite application. HPBF with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for radar application was designed in [7]. In addition, this filter showed better performance with aluminum casing. In [8], X-band HPBF was designed for radar navigation. Authors in [9], designed a millimeter wave HPBF (30 GHz) on Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate using Inkjet Printing Technology. The measured insertion and return loss at 30.4 GHz were 2.41 and 18.9 dB, respectively. Spurious harmonic response suppression was obtained by using nonuniform coupled line resonators to design 34 GHz in [10]. HPBF with tunable center frequency Abstract: At two low 5G frequency bands: 3.7 GHz-4.2 GHz and 5.975 GHz-7.125 GHz, Hairpin Bandpass Filter (HPBF) and Interdigital Bandpass Filter (IBF) are designed and simulated in this paper. Both filters show good results in terms of matching and transmission responses with a wide bandwidth through the two frequency bands. HPBF with simple design resulted in good return and insertion losses, <-10.43 dB and-0.63 dB, and <-14.48 dB and-0.46 dB through frequency bands: 3.51 GHz-4.27 GHz and 5.58 GHz-7.24 GHz, respectively. In addition to good filter response that IBF provides, it supports high order second harmonics suppression. The simulated S11 and S12 of this filter are <-11.15 dB and-0.63 dB with out of band rejection up to 11.12 GHz through the frequency band 3.56 GHz-4.25 GHz. Furthermore, at the second frequency band IBF is designed with two different grounding via hole radii (rVia), case 1: rVia = 0.4 mm and case 2: rVia = 0.7 mm. For both cases, the designed filter shows good results with high order second harmonics suppression up to 18.33 GHz and 18.96 GHz. In this paper, High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software is used to carry out the simulation.

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