Objective: To determine the effects of recreational football combined with caloric control on glycemia and cardiovascular health of adolescent boys with type 1 diabetes.Background: Though 12 weeks of physical activity alone improves the health of people with type 1 diabetes, there is little evidence that physical activity alone can improve glycemia in 12 weeks.Research Design and Methods: The participants were divided into four groups as follows: football with diet, football-only, diet-only, and the control groups. Each group consisted of 10 participants. The football with diet and the football-only groups had 1.5 h of football twice a week for 12 weeks. The following outcomes were measured before and after 12 weeks: Glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and resting blood pressures. Changes were considered significant when p ≤ 0.050 and common language effect size ≤42% or common language effect size ≥58%.Results: Glycated hemoglobin decreased in the football with diet group (mean change (standard deviation) = −0.9 (1.0) %, p = 0.019, and common language effect size = 31.5%) and was different from the control group (p = 2.4 × 10 −4 and common language effect size = 95.5%.). However, none of the intervention groups showed a clear change in blood lipids nor blood pressure.Conclusions: 12 weeks of combined football with diet intervention provides the greatest improvement in glycemia in adolescent boys with type 1 diabetes. K E Y W O R D Scalorie control, cardiovascular health, football (soccer), glycemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus | INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus is a disease caused by improper control of glucose levels in the body 1 and can lead to several complications such as coronary artery disease and damage of the nerves, eyes, and kidneys. 2 Currently, there are about 1,110,100 children in the world with type 1 diabetes (T1D) 2 and there is no viable cure for T1D apart from pancreas transplantation or islet cell transplantation. 1 Thus, children with T1D are prescribed other ways to manage their disease. The recommended way of managing T1D is through the use of insulin, diet monitoring, and physical activity. 3 Regarding physical activity, children with T1D and healthy children are recommended to perform at least 60 min of physical activity every day. They are also recommended to perform highintensity aerobic activity and activities that make bones and muscles stronger at least 3 days a week. [3][4][5]

Physical educators need to evaluate the physical education (PE) curriculum they provide to their students. One way is through regular health-related fi tness assessments. Physical education programs have improved fi tness levels of schoolchildren, but such data is rare for university students. The aim of this study was to determine the eff ect of a volleyball course on the health-related fi tness of male university students. The participants were non-PE majors from King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals. They registered for a volleyball course which was done twice a week for eight weeks (31 October-29 December 2016, 50 minutes per session). The parameters assessed were as follows: 1) body composition through body mass index (BMI), 2) muscular endurance through the 60s curl-up test, 3) fl exibility through the sit and reach test, 4) leg explosive strength through standing long jump, and 5) cardiovascular endurance through a 1.6 km run. Pre and post measurements were taken and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test with SPSS 16. P-values for statistical signifi cance was set at<0.05 while a Cohen-d>0.2 was considered of practical signifi cance. Data from 145 students were analyzed (mean (SD) age=20.8 (0.64) years). There were improvements from pre to post in all variables except body mass and BMI. The data shows evidence that the volleyball course improved the health-related fi tness variables of the students. This shows a course designed for non-PE majors may improve their fi tness levels if well designed.

A B S T R A C T Judo is a worldwide sport played as a main competition in the Olympic

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AimTo determine the effect of eight weeks basketball and swimming on the health-related fitness of male university students.MethodStudents who registered for the “Swimming and basketball” physical education course had two classes a week that lasted 45 minutes each. Their health-related fitness was assessed before and after eight weeks. The following methods were used for assessment: (a) body mass measurements for body composition, (b) standing long jump for explosive leg strength, (c) 60s curl-ups for muscular endurance, (d) 1.6 km run for cardiorespiratory fitness, and (e) sit-and-reach box test for trunk flexibility. Paired t-test was used to compare pre and post data with alpha values for statistical significance set at 0.05.ResultsForty six students (18-20 years, mean age (SD) = 18.72 years (0.54)) completed all the assessments. There were improvements (p < 0.05) in the following variables (mean (SD), percentage improvement): (a) muscular endurance (35 (9) vs 39 (9) repetitions, 9.28%), (b) trunk flexibility (26.6 (8.0) vs 29.7 (7.9) cm, 11.34%), (c) 1.6 km run time (7.19 (2.52) vs 6.78 (1.53) min, 5.71%) and (d) explosive leg strength (172 (24) vs 180 (26) cm, 4.62%).ConclusionThere is evidence that the program improved the health-related fitness of the students.AcknowledgmentThe author thanks the King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia for supporting the presentation of this conference paper.