No abstract

L-Asparaginase or L-asparagine amido hydrolases are enzymes that catalyze the substrate hydrolysis of L-asparagine. It results in the formation of L-aspartate and ammonia. It has immense application in the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia as an antineoplastic agent and also finds its use in food technology. Its vast application in the pharmaceutical industry has led to the need for more sources of production of L-asparaginase. The current work is focused on production, purification, and characterization of L-asparaginase. The enzyme is produced using the batch mode of cultivation with critical media components disodium phosphate (0.042M), sodium chloride (0.0854M) and Asparagine (0.060M) respectively. The extracellular Lasparaginase was later purified by the following techniques: salt dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. Meanwhile, protein estimation was done using lowry's method. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be at 55KDa as revealed through SDS-PAGE. The biochemical analysis revealed that the species producing the enzyme belonged to Pseudomonas sp. The culture condition favoring the production of the enzyme L-asparaginase was found to be at a temperature of 40 0 C, pH-9, and incubation time of 24hr. Optimization with critical carbon and nitrogen sources with varying concentrations disclosed sucrose and ammonium sulfate at 1.5%(w/w) to maximize the enzyme production. The purified enzyme was characterized by the above parameters (400C, pH-9) and incubation period of 40 minutes was found to be having an enzyme activity 434.10(U/ml). Additionally, to overproduce the enzyme, strain development was performed with the treatment of UV-B rays exposed at different heights and X-rays to yield more amount of enzyme.

Pneumonia continues to be the leading infectious cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. Diagnosis of this disease is primarily dependent on physical examination, clinical history, and radiographic studies. Microbiological studies of the lower respiratory tract secretions have proven to be futile, however, sputum gram staining and culturing methods often aid in the diagnosis and management of these infections. Aspiration pneumonia often occurs in a community setting and primarily involves anaerobes like Staphylococcus aureus or gram-negative rods such as Klebsiella pneumonia, and other Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species. The total number of cases taken in the study of acute pneumonia was 22 (15 male subjects and 7 female subjects). Biochemical tests were conducted for identifying different organisms present in the samples collected from patients suffering from acute pneumonia. Distribution of bacteria in the case of acute pneumonia was as follows: Staphylococcus aureus was recorded to be the highest (36.36%) followed by Streptococcus pneumonia (18.18%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (18.18%), Pseudomonas pneumonia (13.63%), Haemophilus influenza (9.09%) and lastly Chlamydia pneumonia (4.45%). A maximum number of laboratories proven acute pneumonia cases (36.36%) belonged to 61-70 years. The distribution of cases was marginally more in urban areas (63.63%). By occupation largest group (36.36%) was of others in case of acute pneumonia were as farmers, housewives and others were the largest groups (22.73%) each. The microbial etiology derived from the present study found that Klebsiella pneumonia was an independent risk factor for mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Moreover, two important findings were drawn from this study. K. pneumonia was identified as the causative pathogen in 22% of cases, second to S. pneumonia.

Tuberculosis (TB) is infectious diseases were the lungs are mostly affected. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread when a person already affected with TB coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talk. Even though it’s is contagious does not easily catch i.e. chances of catching TB are much higher with someone you live with or work than from a stranger. Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) arises when the antibiotic fails to kill bacteria. MDR-TB can be treatable and curable with specific anti-TB drugs but unfortunately, these are limited in quantities or not readily available. As per WHO around 4,50,000 people developed MDR-TB in the year 2012. People with a weak immune system are at maximum risk of active TB development. For instance, HIV conquers the immune system, making it harder for the body to control TB bacteria. People infected with both HIV and TB are 20-30% more probable to develop active TB than those who do not have HIV. Besides, WHO estimates, every year 9 million people get sick with TB and 3 million with these are “missed” by health systems. Among the top 3 causes of death in women between 15- 44 TB is one the major cause. The symptoms of TB may be mild for many months and can infect 10-15 other people through close contact. This study involves a comparative evaluation of the presence of Tuberculosis concerning factors such as socioeconomic status, sex ratio, age, addiction of nicotine or alcohol, etc. All the screenings were based upon various methods of diagnosis used in pulmonary tuberculosis such as Ziehl Neelsen staining, culture on L.J media, Petroff’s concentration method, and DNA PCR method.