A brain tumor is a distorted tissue wherein cells replicate rapidly and indefinitely, with no control over tumor growth. Deep learning has been argued to have the potential to overcome the challenges associated with detecting and intervening in brain tumors. It is well established that the segmentation method can be used to remove abnormal tumor regions from the brain, as this is one of the advanced technological classification and detection tools. In the case of brain tumors, early disease detection can be achieved effectively using reliable advanced A.I. and Neural Network classification algorithms. This study aimed to critically analyze the proposed literature solutions, use the Visual Geometry Group (VGG 16) for discovering brain tumors, implement a convolutional neural network (CNN) model framework, and set parameters to train the model for this challenge. VGG is used as one of the highest-performing CNN models because of its simplicity. Furthermore, the study developed an effective approach to detect brain tumors using MRI to aid in making quick, efficient, and precise decisions. Faster CNN used the VGG 16 architecture as a primary network to generate convolutional feature maps, then classified these to yield tumor region suggestions. The prediction accuracy was used to assess performance. Our suggested methodology was evaluated on a dataset for brain tumor diagnosis using MR images comprising 253 MRI brain images, with 155 showing tumors. Our approach could identify brain tumors in MR images. In the testing data, the algorithm outperformed the current conventional approaches for detecting brain tumors (Precision = 96%, 98.15%, 98.41% and F1-score = 91.78%, 92.6% and 91.29% respectively) and achieved an excellent accuracy of CNN 96%, VGG 16 98.5% and Ensemble Model 98.14%. The study also presents future recommendations regarding the proposed research work.

Objective: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a functional mental condition that has a significant impact on patients’ social lives. As a result, accurate diagnosis of SZ has attracted researchers’ interest. Based on previous research, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) reported neural alterations in SZ. In this study, we attempted to investigate if dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) could reveal changes in temporal interactions between SZ patients and healthy controls (HC) beyond static functional connectivity (sFC) in the cuneus, using the publicly available COBRE dataset. Methods: Sliding windows were applied to 72 SZ patients’ and 74 healthy controls’ (HC) rsfMRI data to generate temporal correlation maps and, finally, evaluate mean strength (dFC-Str), variability (dFC-SD and ALFF) in each window, and the dwelling time. The difference in functional connectivity (FC) of the cuneus between two groups was compared using a two-sample t-test. Results: Our findings demonstrated decreased mean strength connectivity between the cuneus and calcarine, the cuneus and lingual gyrus, and between the cuneus and middle temporal gyrus (TPOmid) in subjects with SZ. Moreover, no difference was detected in variability (standard deviation and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation), the dwelling times of all states, or static functional connectivity (sFC) between the groups. Conclusions: Our verdict suggest that dynamic functional connectivity analyses may play crucial roles in unveiling abnormal patterns that would be obscured in static functional connectivity, providing promising impetus for understanding schizophrenia disease.

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity among other symptoms. With a 70% cumulative prevalence of dementia in PD, cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent.Materials and methodsIn this study, we looked at anatomical brain differences between groups of patients and controls. A total of 138 people with PD were compared to 64 age-matched healthy people using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). VBM is a fully automated technique that allows for the identification of regional differences in gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allowing for an objective comparison of brains of different groups of people. We used statistical parametric mapping for image processing and statistical analysis.ResultsIn comparison to controls, PD patients had lower GM volumes in the left middle cingulate, left lingual gyrus, right calcarine and left fusiform gyrus, also PD patients indicated lower WM volumes in the right middle cingulate, left lingual gyrus, right calcarine, and left inferior occipital gyrus. Moreover, PD patients group demonstrated higher CSF in the left caudate compared to the controls.ConclusionPhysical fragility and cognitive impairments in PD may be detected more easily if anatomical abnormalities to the cingulate gyrus, occipital lobe and the level of CSF in the caudate are identified. Thus, our findings shed light on the role of the brain in PD and may aid in a better understanding of the events that occur in PD patients.

ObjectiveBipolar disorder (BD) is a mood swing illness characterized by episodes ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Although the specific origin of BD is unknown, genetics, environment, and changes in brain structure and chemistry may all have a role. Through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations, this study looked into functional abnormalities involving the striatum between BD group and healthy controls (HC), compared the whole-brain gray matter (GM) morphological patterns between the groups and see whether functional connectivity has its underlying structural basis.Materials and methodsWe applied sliding windows to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 49 BD patients and 44 HCs to generate temporal correlations maps to determine strength and variability of the striatum-to-whole-brain-network functional connectivity (FC) in each window whilst also employing voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to high-resolution structural MRI data to uncover structural differences between the groups.ResultsOur analyses revealed increased striatal connectivity in three consecutive windows 69, 70, and 71 (180, 182, and 184 s) in individuals with BD (p < 0.05; Bonferroni corrected) in fMRI images. Moreover, the VBM findings of structural images showed gray matter (GM) deficits in the left precentral gyrus and middle frontal gyrus of the BD patients (p = 0.001, uncorrected) when compared to HCs. Variability of striatal connectivity did not reveal significant differences between the groups.ConclusionThese findings revealed that BD was associated with a weakening of the precentral gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, also implying that bipolar illness may be linked to striatal functional brain alterations.

Motivation: Automated identification of thoracic diseases from chest X-ray images (CXR) is a significant area in computer-aided diagnosis. However, most existing methods have limited ability to extract multi-scale features and accurately capture the spatial location of lesions when dealing with thoracic diseases that exhibit concurrency and large variations in lesion size. Method: Based on the above problems, we propose a multi-level residual feature fusion network (MLRFNet) for classifying thoracic diseases. Our approach can quickly capture receptive field information across different lesion sizes and enhance disease-specific features within the spatial domain on feature maps. The MLRFNet comprises two main components: a feature extractor that learns multi-scale semantic information from chest X-ray images and a multi-level residual feature classifier (MRFC) that refines disease-specific pathological features at spatial locations to reduce interference from irrelevant regions. Additionally, the ECA attention modules connect both components to enable flexible channel-wise focus on critical pathological information. Results: We evaluated the performance of MLRFNet through a series of experiments on two datasets: ChestX-Ray14 and CheXpert. Our results show that MLRFNet achieves an average AUC of 0.853 on the ChestX-Ray14 dataset and 0.904 on the CheXpert dataset. Conclusion: The results of experiments demonstrate that our proposed method works better than the current state-of-the-art baselines. Future work will focus on investigating the interdependencies among labels for thoracic diseases and techniques for model compression.INDEX TERMS Chest X-ray image classification, convolutional neural network, attention mechanism, residual feature vector, medical image processing.