Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques are proposed for qualitative analysis of lubricating oil additives (Hitec 2915). The additives were dissolved in heptanes, extracted with mixed solvents heptane: acetonitrile (3:2) and spotted on TLC paper. The best combination solvents as developer for TLC analysis were carbon tetrachloride: heptanes (9:1) mixture. Each separated streak was scraped, redissolved in acetonitrile and evaporated to 0.5 ml volume then analyzed by GC-MS for identification. Fourteen compounds[2-Ethyl-1-hexanol; 2-(t-butyl)-phenol; 2,4-bis-(t-butyl)-1-methoxy benzene; 2,6-bis-(t-Butyl)-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione; 2,4-bis-(t-Butyl)-phenol; 3,5-bis-(t-Butyl)-phenol; Decanoic acid methyl ester; Tridecanol; 1,1-Diphenyl hydrazine; 1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid dibutyle ester; S-Triazol 1, 5-A-pyridine 8-amino 2-phenyl; Phenol-2, 6-bis-(t-butyl); Phenol-2,5-bis-(tbutyl); Phenol-2,4,6-Tris-(t-butyl)]were identified in this study. The mass spectral data obtained for each separated compound were compared with the standard spectral data (library search similarity) of each compound.

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A new simple, rapid, inexpensive and nontoxic spectrophotometric method for the determination of Ceftazidime in the pure and local market formulation was proposed. The method is based on the coupling reaction between the diazotized drug and 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP) to produce a colored compound with a (λ max 500 nm). The optimal conditions for the factors affecting the formation of this compound were studied. Beer's law was obeyed and a linear calibration curve was obtained over the range of (1-10 μg/mL) with a correlation coefficient (r=0.9890), molar absorptivity (ε=6.62710 3 L/mol.cm), the limit of detection 0.314 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification LOQ 1.047 μg/mL. the accuracy and precision of the method were checked and the method was applied successfully for the determination of Ceftazidime in commercial preparation and the values of recovery percent and RSD% ranged between (93.11 -102.20%) and (0.48 -9.54%) respectively.

TThree methods study in this research simple, sensitive, an expensive and rapid Oxidative Coupling reaction, Cloud Point Extraction and Flow Injection spectrophotometric methods for determination Methyldopa and Salbutamol, the first method oxidative coupling reaction between the Methyldopa and thiosemicarbazide in presence of ferric nitrate anhydrous to yield dark green colored product that have absorbance at λ max 460 nm. Salbutamol coupling reaction with 4-nitrophenyl hydrazine in presence the potassium Iodide and sodium hydroxide to product the violet colored has absorbance at λ max 530 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed from (1-50) µg/ mL with sandall’s sensitivity (0.039,0.073), correlation coefficient (0.9998) and molar absorptivity (0.536×104,0.327×104) for Methyldopa and Salbutamol respectively. The secondly method to estimation the trace amount of phenolic drugs that product from the oxidative coupling reaction it is cloud point extraction, cloud point extraction enables the drugs to be precisely estimated under the optimal experimental conditions, the maximum absorption at λ max (470,535) nm respectively. The concentration was range (0.25-6) µg/mL, molar absorptivity 0.510×105 ,0.483×105 and enrichment factor (9.51,14.72) respectively for Methyldopa and Salbutamol.Flow injection analysis is simple method to determination the phenolic is based on the measurement of absorption signal for product resulting from oxidative coupling reaction , study all experimental parameters chemical and physical to development and stability the colored of product .Total flow injection of 1.5mL/min was pumped and active material was detect at λ max (460,530)nm respectively for Methyldopa and Salbutamol . In this the proposed methods were suxciffuly, applied to the determination Methyldopa and Salbutamol in pharmaceutical preparation.

The existence of a totally indigenous Oromo writing system is not something that is very widely known about among Éithiopisants, and our present description of this remarkable achievement is written in the belief that the subject has never before received attention. Remarkable achievements are generally the achievements of remarkable men, and before embarking on a consideration of the writing system itself, it has seemed only appropriate to devote the first section of this paper to a short biographical sketch of the man who devised the system. At this point we are bound to acknowledge our great indebtedness to Shaykh Mahammad Rashād, a student of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō, who not only gave us copious information about the life of his teacher, but generously provided us with copies of a number of manuscripts, among which is one (shown in Figs. 2–5) which sets out in a clear way the principles of Shaykh Bakri's orthography. Without the Amharic and Arabic explanations of this key we should have been involved in a work of decipherment, and the present study might well have proved impossible. We are likewise indebted to Dīmā Yōnīs, who took great pains on our behalf in interviewing former students and friends of Shaykh Bakri, and subsequently translated into English and typed out the information he collected.