A green and easy technique was used to synthesize silver and silica (Ag@SiO 2 ) core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) in the matrix blend polymers matrix. Core–shell nanoparticles were loaded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene oxide (UHMW-PEO) blended polymer to fabricate new nanocomposite films (NCFs) using the developed solution-sonication-casting technique. The spectroscopic properties of the resultant films were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), visible light microscope (OLM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), FESEM-energy dispersive spectroscope (FESM-EDX), UV/visible spectrometer, and LCR meter to investigate the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics. XRD revealed the presence of the semi-crystalline nature of PVA-UHMWPEO/ Ag@SiO 2 NCFs. The degree of crystallinity increased after embedding. The NPs were well distributed within the NCFs according to OLM and SEM, and FESM-EDX confirmed the presence of C, O, Si, and Ag elements. FTIR spectrum observed strong bonding after the loading of NPs, and other peaks were hidden. The UV/visible spectrums suggested an absorption at ~ 210 nm. Based on the Tauc plot model, the optical bandgap (Eg) values decreased from 5.52 eV to 4.57 eV. The electrical conductivity values were significantly increased with the increasing frequency and (Ag@SiO 2 ) core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) loading ratio. The PVA-UHMWPEO/Ag@SiO 2 NCFs explained enhanced lattice strain. The obtained NCFs are suitable for use in various optoelectronic and nanodevice applications.

Rock examinations for mining and commercial use are a vital process to save money and time. A variety of methods and approaches have been used to analyze rocks and among them, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques proved to be an accurate method. This research was conducted to evaluate the utility and reliability of XRF and XRD to analyze the major and trace elements of rocks as well as their crystalline structures. Results showed that XRF and XRD techniques are fast and reliable, nondestructive and non-invasive analytical tools for mineral analysis, particularly for rocks. For this purpose, the analysis of 28 samples of rocks, which collected from three different places of Kurdistan region-Iraq, is reported. These places are Haybat Sultan (HS) region in Koya city as well as TaqTaq (TA) and Garmuk (GT) district nearby Koya city. Throughout this analysis, 34 major and trace elements were detected in the rocks collected from HS region, whereas forty major and trace elements were detected in the rocks collected from TA district and GT district. In addition, it was found that the structures of these rocks were crystalline in nature. This was proved through the value of diffracted angle and it was found that the majority of these rocks are oxides. The external view (the appearance) of all collected rocks was also discussed and it was found that each rock consists of a variety of minerals which will be the reason that each rock has a specific color.

Nanoprecipitation in different oxide glasses by means of electron irradiation in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been compared in this study. Upon irradiation, groups or patterns of nanoparticles with various morphologies and sizes were formed in borosilicate glasses, loaded with zinc, copper, and silver. The study successfully includes loading ranges for the target metal from doping level (1%) over medium level (20%) to majority phase (60%). It is found that particle patterning resolution is affected by parallel processes of amorphous phase separation, glass ablation, and delocalised precipitation. In addition, via an in-situ study, it is confirmed that by heating alone without irradiation, no precipitate nanoparticles form.

5Nanoscale writing of Cu-nanoparticles in glasses is introduced using transmission electron 6 microscopy (TEM) focused irradiation. Two types of copper borosilicate glasses, one with