No abstract

Nowadays innovation co-operations have contributed to the success and improvement of firm businesses globally. This study sought to examine how innovation co-operation influences the activities of small, medium and large (SML) firms to become innovative and perform effectively. Using a dataset of a survey study based on Malaysian Innovation Survey (NIS) and European community innovation survey (CIS) reports, a total of 1178 firms cutting across small, medium and large (SML) companies for manufacturing and service firms were examined using an open innovation paradigm in practice to understand the extent of co-operation and collaboration in performing innovation activities. The study data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logic regression model estimation for ease of comprehension. The findings showed that almost all the companies survey were involved in performing one innovation or the other. Furthermore, it reveals that different partnership was sought for co-operation and collaboration in performing their innovations.

The increased competition in the banking industry and banks' efforts to participate in new markets has affected bank performance and credit risk. Their presence in new markets and strong competition from other competitors today makes them face more uncertain situation. Given the importance of this issue, there are few studies about the efficiency calculated with regard to credit risk. Banking literature on this subject is poor. This paper introduces two-stage data envelopment analysis technique for estimation of their efficiency with regard to credit risk, its output and inputs in the first and second stage. Non-performing loans is output to proxy credit risk.