In this study, a geotechnical assessment of gravel and sand deposits were conducted on both sides of the Lower Zab River in the southwest of Kirkuk Governorate/Northern Iraq. geologically the sediment related to Quaternary age and tectonically located at the  unstable zone. 5 samples were collected from the study area for the purpose of conducting various geotechnical tests on them and their validity for road works to the sub-base layer and the base layer for asphalt works. The results of the physical tests were shown by grain size analysis of thes aggregates for the samples of the study area, and it was found that they are identical to class (A) According to the American Standard [1], and suitable for use in road works for the sub-base layer. The moisture ratio ranging between (1.95 - 4.26) %. The tests of flatness and elongation showed that the highest percentage of flat-shaped particles was (29%) and longitudinal-shaped particles (19%). The laboratory tests results showed the durability tests such as - Los Angeles test the highest percentage of weight loss was (20.06%), and thus it is valid according to the Iraqi Standard Specification [2] for use in road works. the highest result of test the aggregate impact value of samples is 7.8%, It conforms to the requirements of specifications that must be provided for road works for a sub base layer. Accordingly it is valid for road works. It was found from Proctor test for (5) samples from the study area that the values of the maximum dry density ranged between (2.14-2.28 gm/cm3), and the values of the optimum moisture content ranged between (3.1-2.41%). An asphalt typical mixture was designed for the base layer from the aggregate of the first station S1 as represent station consisting of coarse crushed aggregate 12%, medium crushed aggregate 22%, fine crushed aggregate 20%, river sand 40% and the proportion of filler 6%. The results of the asphalt tests for the ideal station S1 showed that the ideal percentage of asphalt from the weight of the mixture in the asphalt mixture is 4.1, which is within the limits of the specification Roads and Bridges [3]. The percentage of asphalt to the weight of the aggregate after adding the ideal percentage of asphalt showed that its value was 4.3%, As for the stability test result (Marshall), it reached 11.4 kN, and the result of the creep test (Marshall) reached 2.9 mm, and the density was 2.362

This study aims to evaluate the suitability of the Injana Formation clays for filling material in the Al-Hajaj area, Salah Aal-Din. The exposed rocks are Injana formation, in addition to the Quaternary Deposit. four stations were studied to determine their suitability as materials for dams. Geotechnical properties show that the type of clay is low plasticity clay and the chemical analyses show that the ratio of total dissolved salts ranges between 1.35-3.45 %, while the ratio of gypsum content ranges from 0.22-0.29. In the last, the geotechnical properties of Injana clays are accepted as filling materials for earth-fill dams when compare with National Center for Laboratories and Construction Sciences, 2003, Building Materials Specification, Sorb /R5. The aim of this study is to estimate the geotechnical properties of the clay rocks including petrophysical properties and Chemical properties and know the viability of clays for filling dams in the study area as filler material based on Iraq specification, 2003, Sorb/R5.

The study aims to find the geotechnical properties and engineering geological evaluation of sandston rocks which belong to Injana Formation  ̸ Ketol area ̸ Sulymania  Governorate/formation L belong to Injana  ̸ and make a comparison with Iraqi standard and American society for testing and material (ASTM) specifications. In order to determine their Suitability for building purpose and rail way ballast stone by detailed geological survey of sandstone rocks and laboratory tests (6) station in  addition chemical analysis and mineral components. Petro physical test such as (Absorption, density) and Mechanical tests such as (Unconfined compressive strength, Flexural strength, Abrasion resistance) show these rocks are suitable as building stone according to (ASTM,C-568-99,2004).and suitable as rail way ballast stone according to Iraqi specifications (Raymond,1979) (O.R.B.D,1999).

Four sites with different depth in AL-Fursan area/ North Tikrit city were selected for recent deposits sampling. The geotechnical properties of soil were tested and improvement of engineering properties of soil by cement was carried out. The geotechnical properties  test results revealed that the moisture content ranges between (0.53 -1.45)% which is low because of  sampling in summer season, while the grain size analysis show that the soil at the study area is coarse soil (sand) with fines. The soil type in the first site is clayey sand (SC), the second site contains sand with equal percentage of silt and clay (SC- SM) , the third and fourth site types are silty sand (SM). The specific gravity ranges between (2.46- 2.72) sites (1,2,3) are low liquid limit and low swelling index but the fourth site is moderate. The value of cohesion strength for the four sites are (16, 13, 1, 8)kPa respectively, sites (1) and (2)  are moderate cohesion while sites (3) and (4) are non-cohesion, none plastic and un active. The low values of cohesion strength belongs to high percentage of coarse particles in the area. The values of internal friction angles ranges between (300- 370). The consolidation test results revealed  that all sites were moderate compressive index except the first site which is low compressive and low swelling. The study area soil are neutral and high content of gypsum and soluble Dissolved salts and also high organic content. The soil improvement by cement tests results show increasing of cohesion and internal friction angle and the compaction test results show the samples are well sorted.

The study aims to know some of the physical and mechanical properties of limestone rocks within the Pila Spi and Sinjar Formations at the southwestern limb of Bazian Fold within the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, in order to show their suitability as riprap stones. The tests showed that the values ​​of the dry density of these rocks ranged between (1.857-2.341) g/cm³, the water absorption rate ranged from (1.848-9.87)%, and the specific weight ranged from (2.167-2.255), and the values ​​of the chemical erosion ratio ranged between (8.9-29)%. After knowing the physical and mechanical properties of these limestone rocks and comparing them with the standard specifications of the riprap stones, it was found that these rocks are not suitable for riprap purposes in all the stations of the study area most of the stations of the study area.