Nine groups of five dairy goats from four breeds, with each breed represented at least once in each group, were in our experiment to measure mammary gland growth. Groups were virgins, days 90 to 100 pregnancy, 5 days prepartum (145 days pregnancy), 1 or 2 days prepartum, and 1 or 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 days in lactation. Virgins were 19 mo old while all others had one pregnancy and lactation prior to experiment. Indices of mammary growth included untrimmed and trimmed wet weights of udders, dried fat-free tissue weights, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid contents. Each index was in a regression equation best to describe the pattern of mammary growth. These included linear, quadratic, cubic, and exponential model Y = AebX in which Y was the index of mammary growth and X was the day of pregnancy. Total deoxyribonucleic acid was the best index of mammary growth with a correlation of .95 in the exponential model. The predictive equation for total deoxyribonucleic acid in milligram was Y = 167e.019X on a daily basis, and the rate of growth on a monthly basis was .57. Mammary growth in goats continued into early lactation, peaking at day 5. Ribonucleic acid doubled on the day after parturition, which reflected the rapid increase in protein synthesis at this time.

The development of potentially safe radiosensitizing agents is essential to enhance the treatment outcomes of radioresistant cancers. The titanium peroxide nanoparticle (TiOxNP) was originally produced using the titanium dioxide nanoparticle, and it showed excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in response to ionizing radiation. Surface coating the TiOxNPs with polyacrylic acid (PAA) showed low toxicity to the living body and excellent radiosensitizing effect on cancer cells. Herein, we evaluated the mechanism of radiosensitization by PAA-TiOxNPs in comparison with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which represent high-atomic-number nanoparticles that show a radiosensitizing effect through the emission of secondary electrons. The anticancer effects of both nanoparticles were compared by induction of apoptosis, colony-forming assay, and the inhibition of tumor growth. PAA-TiOxNPs showed a significantly more radiosensitizing effect than that of AuNPs. A comparison of the types and amounts of ROS generated showed that hydrogen peroxide generation by PAA-TiOxNPs was the major factor that contributed to the nanoparticle radiosensitization. Importantly, PAA-TiOxNPs were generally nontoxic to healthy mice and caused no histological abnormalities in the liver, kidney, lung, and heart tissues.

Huematological indices, serum proteins, cholesterol, bilirubin and various inorganic constituents were studied in lactating camels, during consecutive lactational stages extending over a one yedr lactation period; the results were compared with non-lactating camels. Non-signijican t differences were observed between the two groups with regards to haeinatological indices. Howevel; the stage of lactation affected significantly RBC, MCV, MCH and differential WBC values. Lactating camels had significantly lower total protein, albumin and Z n than the controls. These changes were most pronounced during early lactation but persisted throughout the studied lactation period On the other hand, non-significant differences were observed between lactating and non-lactating camels as regards to globulins, cholesterol, bilirubin, Nu, K, Ca, Mg Fe and Cu values, although most of these pammeters were affected significantly by the stage of lactation.

The precise mechanism of intercellular communication between cancer cells following radiation exposure is unclear. Exosomes are membrane-enclosed small vesicles comprising lipid bilayers and are mediators of intercellular communication that transport a variety of intracellular components, including microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). The present study aimed to identify novel roles of exosomes released from irradiated cells to neighboring cancer cells. In order to confirm the presence of exosomes in the human pancreatic cancer cell line MIAPaCa-2, ultracentrifugation was performed followed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NanoSight) using the exosome-specific surface markers CD9 and CD63. Subsequent endocytosis of exosomes was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Cell survival following irradiation and the addition of exosomes was evaluated by colony forming assay. Expression levels of miRNAs in exosomes were then quantified by microarray analysis, while protein expression levels of Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and 2, respectively) enzymes in MIAPaCa-2 cells were evaluated by western blotting. Results showed that the uptake of irradiated exosomes was significantly higher than that of non-irradiated exosomes. Notably, irradiated exosomes induced higher intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a higher frequency of DNA damage in MIAPaCa-2 cells, as determined by fluorescent microscopy and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Moreover, six up- and five downregulated miRNAs were identified in 5 and 8 Gy-irradiated cells using miRNA microarray analyses. Further analysis using miRNA mimics and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR identified miR-6823-5p as a potential candidate to inhibit SOD1, leading to increased intracellular ROS levels and DNA damage. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that irradiated exosomes enhance the radiation effect via increasing intracellular ROS levels in cancer cells. This contributes to improved understanding of the bystander effect of neighboring cancer cells.