Childhood obesity is a significant and growing issue, with the WHO recognising worldwide childhood obesity rates as an epidemic. Primary care is often the first point for monitoring a child's development over time, hence could play an integral part in recognising and addressing childhood obesity. As a result, our systematic review has two objectives. The primary objective is to review the current evidence on best practices in diagnosing and treating childhood obesity. The secondary objective is to review recent qualitative studies looking into the view of primary care practitioners on the treatment and diagnosis of childhood obesity. The rationale for this is to help determine what opportunities there are in primary care in the NHS to tackle childhood obesity. Using searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PSYCHINFO, HMIC and NHS evidence over a five-year period from March 2014 to March 2019, a total of 37 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Out of these, 25 studies identified exploring the diagnosis and treatment of childhood obesity. A few key themes in these studies were identified, including motivational interviewing, m-health, tools and resources used in consultations, the use of dieticians in the primary care team and factors concerned with the identification of obesity in children. The rest of the 12 qualitative studies involved eliciting the views of direct stakeholders about the diagnosis and treatment of obesity in children. Eight of the studies investigated providers' views towards the role of primary care practitioners in treating childhood obesity, two investigated the parents of obese children's perspectives and the other two investigated general practitioners' (GPs) views towards specific tools and resources. Regarding our primary objective, our findings showed many studies looking at interventions to reduce the BMI in obese children fail to do so in a statistically significant way. However, a few interventions have been more consistent in reducing BMI and obesogenic behaviours. Those interventions include ones utilising the motivational interviewing technique and those targeting families, rather than children. Another key finding was that tools and resources available to primary care providers can significantly impact their ability to diagnose and treat obesity, particularly when looking at the detection. Finally, evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of e-health is limited, with views on their use also mixed. Regarding our secondary objective, the qualitative research identified demonstrated many common views from GPs across different countries. It showed healthcare providers (HCPs) perceiving the parents as lacking in motivation to address the issue, HCPs not wanting to damage the relationship with their patients due to it being a sensitive topic to bring up, and a lack of time, training and confidence. However, some of these views may not be generalisable to the UK due to cultural and system differences.

Installing vertical sand drains is a traditional dam foundation consolidation solution that is economical and provides good drainage efficiency. Vertical sand drains can shorten the path of water flow inside the soil and speeds up soil consolidation. This study investigated the effect of sand drains in the foundation of the Sombar Dam in Iran on its mechanical behavior. The Sombar Dam is a project to control flooding and provide agricultural water to Gholaman city in northeastern Iran. The investigation included the mechanical behavior of the dam with vertical sand drains. The studied parameters were drain diameter, depth and spacing in addition to the vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio (ky/kx) of the foundation soil during the time of construction of the dam using a Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model in the software application GeoStudio. The results revealed that reducing the drain spacing (increasing the number of drains) and increasing the depth and diameter of the drains led to an increase of the settlement rate (up to 90%) and the stability of the dam over a shorter period of time (24 months) compared to no drain condition. With a decrease in the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal permeability (ky/kx = 0.1) for all drain parameters there was a decrease in the value of the dam settlement rate and the safety factor.

Abstract-Constructed wetland, being simple inconstruction and maintenance and operation, is a biological process which intends to interact among media, plants, waste water and microorganisms for a better treatment of grey water from households. The objectives of this study were to perform quantitative analysis of grey water recycling using constructed wetland process (horizontal and vertical flow) and feasibility study of application of recycled water in daily use. It included a residential staff quarter, a residential hostel and a hospital as the subject area. The three different types of water consumption rate in different sectors in these areas and the amount of produced and recycled grey water were studied. The findings are, recycled grey water can be successfully used in several daily use purposes and the production of recycled water is much higher than demand. With the use of recycled water, it can be saved 17.62%,19.22% and 17.71% of total water of the three respective subject areas. Reduction of water bill to some extent and betterment of environment by improving the quality of downstream waste water and reduction in groundwater depletion by less withdrawal of water is also possible.Index Terms-Constructed wetlands, reusable water, water consumption, water scarcity.

This paper targets to make a comparison between consolidation calculation for softy soil layer by two methods, by using usual analytical equations found in most soil mechanic books, and PLAXIS simulation. The second method used a finite elements method represented by PLAXIS program, with the same parameters that were used in the first method, and other default parameters necessary in PLAXIS calculations. The results show strong agreement between the two methods, especially in the Active and excess pore water pressure, total and effective stresses, and total settlement in soft clay soils. In another hand, a significant difference in the values of time of consolidation calculated by the two methods is observed. These differences appeared due to using many different equations to calculate the (cv) consolidation coefficient.