Introduction:This study measured the impact of virtual three-level collaboration (3LC) exercises on participants’ perceived levels of collaboration, learning, and utility (CLU) at hospitals in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Our 3LC exercise is a tabletop training tool used to facilitate disaster education and document CLU. This model enables the practitioner to acquire new knowledge and promotes active learning.Method:An English version of the CLU scale, the validated Swedish survey tool, was applied to 100 health-care managers or leaders in various positions at both the operational and tactical levels after conducting the 3LC exercises.Results:The results show that most participants strongly agreed that the exercises focused on collaboration (r2 = 0.767) and that they had acquired new knowledge during the exercises. There was a statistically significant association between participation in the collaboration exercises and perceived learning (r2 = 0.793), as well as between perceived learning and utility (r2 = 0.811).Conclusion:This study confirms the feasibility of three level collaboration exercises conducted virtually. Our work also demonstrates that learning depends on collaboration practices and that collaboration exercises before crises can help to build qualities that people can apply in daily life. Collaboration elements exercised in this study contributed to perceived learning. There was a strong covariation between participation in the participants’ collaboration exercises and perceived learning and utility. The virtual three-level collaboration exercises were well received by the participants and achieved an acceptable collaboration, learning, and utility score. Although exercises were conducted virtually, they were well received by the participants and achieved a value M = 4.4 CLU score, which opens up new dimensions in collaboration simulation exercises, at least from an organizational perspective, in a world with an increasing number of disasters and public health emergencies.

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Securing property plays a crucial role in human life. Therefore, an adaptive multilevel wireless security system (ML-WSS) based on the internet of things (IoT) has been proposed to observe and secure a certain place. ML-WSS consists of hardware and software components, such as a set of sensors, Wi-Fi module, and operation and monitoring mobile application (OMM). The OMM application is designed to remotely monitor and control the proposed system through the Internet and by using ThingSpeak cloud as a data store. The proposed scheme is based on dividing the required zone of the place into three regions (levels), low-risk region (LRR) as level-1, moderate-risk region (MRR) level-2, and high-risk region (HRR) as level-3. Each level may contain one or set of sensors, so the number of sensors, their placement, and under which level is labelled is specified according to the security requirements. Several processes are done based on these levels when a breach occurs in the system. Mathematical model and pseudocode were created to illustrate the mechanism of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed system has been implemented successfully and the number of breaches that occurs in level-3 area was reduced by 50% as compared to level-1.

<span>Monitoring pipeline leaks is one of the recent hot studies. Leakage may occur because of time corrosion in the tube raw materials. To reduce the negative consequences of this leak, an effective leak detection system is used to prevent serious leakage accidents and damage in oil pipelines. Buildings, ecosystems, air pollution, and human life are all at risk in case of leakage occurs which could lead to fires. This paper introduces one of the research methods for the detection of pipeline leaks with a particular focus on software-based methods. The computer board interface (CBI) and wireless sensor networks have been used beside Arduino as a micro-monitor for the entire system. ZigBee is also utilized to send read data from sensors to the monitoring system displayed on the LabVIEW graphical user interface (GUI). The operator can take direct action when a leak occurs. The effectiveness of the leakage monitoring process and its practical use are demonstrated by the introduction of computerized techniques based on pressure gauge analysis on a specific pipeline in the laboratory. The result showed that the system is widely covered, accurate data transmission and robust real-time performance which reduces economic losses and environmental pollution.</span>