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Conventional direct torque control (DTC) is one of the excellent control strategies available to control the torque of the induction machine (IM). However, the low switching frequency of the DTC causes high ripples in the flux and torque that leads to an acoustic noise which degrades the control performances, especially at low speeds. Many direct torque control techniques were appeared to remedy these problems by focusing specifically on the torque and flux. In this paper, a state of the art review of various modern techniques for improving the performance of DTC control is presented. The objective is to make a critical analysis of these methods in terms of ripples reduction, tracking speed, switching loss, algorithm complexity and parameter sensitivity. Further, it is envisaged that the information presented in this review paper will be a valuable gathering of information for academic and industrial researchers.

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This work develops a real‐time implementation on the DSPACE environment of an adaptive non‐linear control strategy for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG). The DSPACE‐DS1104 board is directly associated with an experimental bench of a wind power system. The non‐linear backstepping controller has been realised to control the active and reactive powers of the DFIG connected directly to the electricity grid via two converters (grid side and machine side). First, a full review of the WECS is discussed. Subsequently, a detailed description of the backstepping control laws based on the Lyapunov stability technique is reported. Consequently, a simulation on the Matlab & Simulink environment was carried out to test the proposed control model in terms of performance and robustness. The second part of this work was devoted to the experimental validation of the adaptive backstepping control algorithm on a test bench to prove its efficiency. The results obtained show a perfect correlation between simulations and experiments (in static and dynamic regime) even for fluctuating wind speed.

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