Intensive use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture provides a selective pressure creating reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria and transferable resistance genes in fish pathogens and other bacteria in the aquatic environment. From these reservoirs, resistance genes may disseminate by horizontal gene transfer and reach human pathogens, or drug-resistant pathogens from the aquatic environment may reach humans directly. This study aims at identifying the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli isolates from fish ponds in two localities (Ashiaman and Dawhenya) in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. A total of 43 isolates were tested using the KirbyBauer agar disc diffusion method against Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), Cefuroxime (30 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), and Tetracycline (30 µg).P. aeruginosa was the most isolated organism with 90% prevalence, followed by E. coli (75%) and S. typhi (50%). All the P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to Erythromycin and Cefuroxime while 90% of the S. typhi isolates were resistant to Tetracycline and Erythromycin. E. coli isolates showed 100, 93.33 and 66.66% resistance to Erythromycin, Cefuroxime and Tetracycline respectively. Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin were sensitive to 66.66, 61.10 and 50% of P. aeruginosa isolates respectively. Ciprofloxacin was sensitive to 90% of the S. typhi isolates whiles Gentamicin was sensitive to 70% of the S. typhi isolates. Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin were more sensitive to E. coli isolates (80 and 66.66% sensitivity respectively). Multi-drug resistant strains were obtained in 77.78% of P. aeruginosa and 70% of S. typhi isolates whiles 66.67% of E. coli isolates were also resistant to more than two classes of the antibiotics tested. High levels of microbial resistance were observed in the isolates with 72.09% of isolates being multidrug resistant strains.

Honey is one of the oldest natural medicines known with a very high therapeutic value. Nowadays, in the medical field, several important therapeutic effects of honey have been elucidated. This study was conducted to reveal the antimicrobial activity of the commercially available local Malaysian Trigona sp. honey towards different pathogenic bacteria specifically Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the disc-diffusion test and agar well diffusion test. Different concentration of the honey was tested in the disc-diffusion and agar well diffusion test. The results of these tests were in terms of Inhibition zone diameter. The results obtained from the current study are the dilution of different concentration of honey from Trigona sp. are very significant because the only net concentration of both of honey Trigon a sp. possessed antimicrobial properties in term of Minimum inhibitory concentration) and Minimum bactericidal concentration. The result also can say that Trigona sp. honey possessed antibacterial properties and can be used as alternative medicine in the veterinary field in the future.