Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a cardiometabolic risk factor of CVD, yet it can be modifiable. Walnuts have been suggested as a dietary intervention to improve the lipid profile. Therefore, we reviewed the literature to assess the evidence linking walnut intake to the improvement of blood lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). PubMed and Embase databases were searched from 2010 up to March 2022. We limited our search to randomized controlled trials conducted on humans and published in English during the specified period. Cochrane’s risk of bias tool for interventional studies was used. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis, and weighted mean differences were obtained (WMD) Thirteen trials from the U.S., Europe, and Asia were included. Walnut intake was associated with significant reductions in TC (WMD: −8.58 mg/dL), LDL-C (WMD: −5.68 mg/dL), and TG (WMD: −10.94 mg/dL). Walnut consumption was not associated with HDL-C. Subgroup analysis showed that overweight/obese and those with comorbidities had more lipid improvement. A longer trial duration did result in further improvements. However, our results may be prone to bias due to extraneous confounding factors. Additionally, levels of heterogeneity were considerable for some outcomes of interest. Results from this meta-analysis provide evidence for the health benefits of walnuts on blood lipids. Walnuts possibly reduce the risk of CVD; thus, they can be successfully added to a dietary pattern to enhance health benefits.

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Today, mobile devices like smartphones are supported with various wireless radio interfaces including cellular (3G/4G/LTE) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) [42]. The legacy devices can only communicate with only one interface. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, has a limitation inability to change connection settings without breaking the connection. In this paper, we explain how multi-path TCP (MPTCP) protocol has been proposed to solve TCP single-interface limitation and provides a huge improvement on application performance by using multiple paths transparently (auto path changing). We discuss the last mile, which is the final networking segment that carried all network traffic. Indeed, the available bandwidth in last-mile link can effectively harm the network throughput as it limits the amount of transmitted data. We found that the quality of the last mile networks significantly determines the reliability and quality of the carrying network. We believe MPTCP can provide a convenient solution for the last mile problem. We provide a holistic view of the challenges and potential enablers in details.<br>

<div>Today, mobile devices like smartphones are supported with various wireless radio interfaces including cellular (3G/4G/LTE) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) [46]. The legacy devices can only communicate with only one interface. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, has a limitation inability to change connection settings without breaking the connection. Multi-path TCP (MPTCP) protocol has been proposed to solve TCP single-interface limitation and provides a huge improvement on application performance by using multiple paths transparently (auto path changing). The last mile is the final networking segment which carried all network traffic. The available bandwidth in last-mile link can effectively harm the network throughput as it limits the amount of transmitted data. The quality of the last mile networks significantly determines the reliability and quality of the carrying network. MPTCP can provide a convenient solution for the last mile problem. An MPTCP scheduler needs to provide significant packet routing schedules based on the current status of paths (sub-flows) in terms of loss rate, bandwidth and jitter, in a way, maximizing the network goodput. MPTCP extends the TCP by enabling a single byte stream split into multiple byte streams and transfer them over multiple disjoint network paths or subflows. An MPTCP connection combines a set of different subflows where each subflow performance depends on the condition of its path (including packet loss rate, queue delay, and throughput capacity). Unreliable packet scheduling may lead to critical networking issues such as the head-of-line (HoL) blocking where the packets scheduled on the low-latency path must wait for the packets on the high-latency path to ensure in-order delivery and the out-of-order (OFO) packets, the receiver must maintain a large queue to reorganize the received packets. In this project, we aim to study and experiment MPTCP scheduling on dynamic networks (like a cellular network) and try to propose an MPTCP schema which can be effective to overcome limitations of dynamic networks performance.</div>

Today, mobile devices like smartphones are supported with various wireless radio interfaces including cellular (3G/4G/LTE) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) [42]. The legacy devices can only communicate with only one interface. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, has a limitation inability to change connection settings without breaking the connection. In this paper, we explain how multi-path TCP (MPTCP) protocol has been proposed to solve TCP single-interface limitation and provides a huge improvement on application performance by using multiple paths transparently (auto path changing). We discuss the last mile, which is the final networking segment that carried all network traffic. Indeed, the available bandwidth in last-mile link can effectively harm the network throughput as it limits the amount of transmitted data. We found that the quality of the last mile networks significantly determines the reliability and quality of the carrying network. We believe MPTCP can provide a convenient solution for the last mile problem. We provide a holistic view of the challenges and potential enablers in details.<br>