According to WHO statistics 2008, [1] malignant breast lesions comprises 1.38 million cases (10.9% of total cancer cases). According to Indian statistics malignant breast lesion is the second most common malignancy in woman after carcinoma of cervix and is detected in 20 per 1,00,000 women. [2,3] Fortunately, most of the breast lesions are diagnosed as benign breast lesions. [4] Main aim of our study is to evaluate the Histopathological spectrum of breast lesions in patient attending the NMCH,

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Introduction: Brain lesions can be caused by varied etiological factors like neoplastic, infectious, inflammatory and vascular diseases. Accurate diagnosis in very important for correct neurosurgical treatment. A retrospective histopathological study of brain lesions is of utmost importance because as it can demonstrate the changes in the spectrum of brain lesions,burden of disease in the community, can reveal the possible risk factors and can suggest probable treatment methods for various neoplastic and non neoplastic brain lesions. Aim: To evaluate the incidence, age distribution, gender distribution, and histopathological spectrum of neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions of brain. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2019 to December 2021. Total 216 cases were studied. The tumours were classified under World Health Organization (WHO) classification. To test the mean difference between the groups, Independent sample t-test was done. Results: Out of 216 cases, 180 (83%) were neoplastic and 36 (17%) were non neoplastic lesions. The male: female ratio was 1.03:1. Non neoplastic lesions were common in males (22, 61.11%), while neoplastic lesions were common in females (92, 51.11%). The most common age group affected was 41-50 years (55, 25.46%). Astrocytoma (41, 22.77%) followed by meningioma (40, 22.22%) were the common neoplastic tumours and haematoma(7, 19.44%) was the most common non neoplastic lesion in adults. Common tumour in children (<18 years) was diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma (3/11, 27.27%)and chronic inflammatory pathology was the common non neoplastic lesion (2/11, 18.18%). Conclusion: Majority of cases were seen in 41-50 years age group. Astrocytoma was the common neoplastic tumour and haematoma was the common non neoplastic lesion in adults. Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma was the common tumour and chronic inflammatory pathology was the common non neoplastic lesion in children.

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Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Female anopheles mosquito, still remains as a major public health concern around the world. India is one of the major contributors of malaria cases in South East Asia. Malaria accounts for 205,000 deaths with 55,000 deaths occurring in early childhood. In endemic areas, children under 5 years are particularly susceptible to infection, illness and death. The present study was aimed to study the clinical, epidemiological profile of malaria cases among children (<12 years) attending a tertiary care hospital. We also assessed the complications associated with non-severe and severe malaria. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital for a period of two years and all children <12 years of age diagnosed with malaria were enrolled in the study. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were observed and noted. Cases were categorized into severe and non-severe malaria based on the WHO guidelines.Results: A total of 2420 cases were observed and 250 cases of malaria were diagnosed, of which 136 were p. vivax mono infections, 82 falciparum malaria and 32 had evidence of mixed infections. Males were predominant in the study (58.8%) and 1-5 years was the common age group. Fever was the most common symptom (100%) in all cases and pallor, edema was common in falciparum malaria. jaundice was observed in 62% of mixed infections and altered sensorium in 43% of mixed infections. Severe malaria was observed almost equally in vivax and falciparum cases. Hyperparasitemia, cerebral malaria was common in falciparum cases than vivax. Thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia and impaired consciousness were more common in mixed infections than falciparum and vivax cases.Conclusions: Present study finally concludes that there is a significant change in the trends of vivax malaria in this region where both species coexist. The spectrum of complications seen in vivax and falciparum follow a similar pattern, then mentioned earlier that complications are less frequently seen in vivax than falciparum malaria. Hence more number of studies is required to generate the differing patterns associated with vivax and compare them with different studies from geographic regions.