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The demand for short-term degradable implant in bone fixation applications is growing steadily due to the aging population worldwide. Degradable implants have the advantage that the second surgery for implant removal is not required. Magnesium is one of the best candidates because it is biodegradable, physiologically compatible and even stimulates bone reconstruction. However, the high degradation rate of pure magnesium in human body fluids may prevent its wider application. In this study, Zinc (Zn) was added in magnesium (Mg) to improve its properties. The effects of five different weight percentage of Zinc (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) were investigated. The microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of the alloys were characterized and evaluated using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), tensile test and Vickers hardness test, while degradation behavior was examined using electrochemical corrosion test. The binary Mg-Zn cast alloy with 6 wt. % zinc content (labeled as Mg-6Zn) shows optimum mechanical strength with slowest degradation rate.

Rainfall is an element of climate that can be measured by a rain gauge. The rain gauge was set up for every station predefined by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia. One millimeter (mm) of rainfall means that within a square meter of a flat surface, water can be as high as one mm. In the hydrology model, the rainfall data is very important in order to predict the flood or assist in the disaster mitigation plan. In this case, the availability of complete rainfall data in a region is essential. By performing spatial interpolation, rainfall data can predict values from the empty data at each point. In this study, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), Simple Kriging (SK) and Kernel Smoothing (KS) method were considered in the rainfall interpolation for this area. Rainfall data at 20 points in Langat River Basin that obtained from DID Ampang for the period 2008–2017 were used as reference data. This study aimed to compare IDW, Kriging and Spline methods to obtain better interpolation methods. The interpolation is done by running a cross-validation using a geostatistical wizard in ArcGIS. The method effectiveness was evaluated by the calculation of mean error (ME), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Root mean Square Standardize Error (RMSSE) and Average Standard Error (ASE). For IDW method, only the ME and RMSE results are available. From the result, it can be seen that SK method outperforms the IDW, OK and KS method for these rainfall interpolations in Langat River Basin by showing better statistical evaluation.

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