Studies of the gaming motives had primarily focused on online gamers. Although there are studies that applied the Online Gaming Motivation Scale in the offline settings, more psychometric evidence in the offline setting is needed to warrant for meaning comparison. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Online Gaming Motivation Scale and to examine the predictive role of gaming motives to internet gaming disorder. A total of 614 adolescent gamers of online and offline games participated in the current study. The confirmatory factor analysis supports the three-factor structure of the Online Gaming Motivation Scale (namely social, immersion, and achievement motives). Pearson correlation, average variance extracted, composite reliability, and reliability analysis support the excellent psychometric properties of the Online Gaming Motivation Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression found gaming motives as significant predictors of internet gaming disorder among adolescent gamers of online and offline games.

Societies with high intelligence quotient (IQ) practice healthier lifestyles, which results in enhanced health status and higher life expectancy. This paper attempts to examine the impact of national average IQ on level of cigarette consumption at a cross-country level. Since smoking is detrimental for human health and causes about ten percent of the total number of deaths every year worldwide, this research is deemed important. Regression analysis with robust standard errors was employed to scrutinize the effect of national IQ on cigarette consumption. After controlling for demographic factors, IQ was found to have significantly positive associations with all measures of cigarette consumption. Unlike the control variables, the positive effect of IQ on smoking was found to be robust to spatial dependence. Nevertheless, the positive effect gradually reduced as the IQ level increased. The proposed explanation is that cigarette smoking is an evolutionarily novel activity that did not previously exist in human ancestral environments. Therefore, as the IQ level rises, societies initially are more likely to appreciate and adopt the novel behavior of smoking. In high-IQ societies, the positive relationship eventually weakens as people become more aware of the health hazards of smoking.

Low social preference has been found to produce aggression as a maladaptive outcome among adolescents. However, it is not clear whether the factors of social preference contribute to aggression. Therefore, the present study investigates whether the factors of social preference, namely, insult, ignorance, accusation, and physical attacks/bossiness, predict reactive aggression. Using cluster sampling, questionnaires were administered to 183 juveniles enrolled in governmentapproved schools at four geographical regions throughout West Malaysia. Data gathered was then analyzed via the Structural Equation Modelling-Analysis of a Moment Structures (SEM-AMOS) Version 23.0 approach. Findings showed all factors significantly and positively predicted reactive aggression. Future studies should implement diverse and well-defined measures to better understand how social preference can determine reactive aggressive behaviors. Implications of imitating the aggressive behaviors of other adolescents, internalizing aggressive victimization experiences, forming of healthy peer support from non-deviant socialization as an intervention, and implementing early intervention during adolescent development were discussed.

A positive connection between intelligence (measured as IQ) and happiness at the country level has been described repeatedly. The present study treats IQ as an important source of human and social capital, and ultimately of happiness and life satisfaction. Considering that the public institutions are responsible to serve the needs of the majority, this study specifically examines the moderating effect of governance quality on the relationship between national average IQ and happiness at a cross-country level. The results of robust regression analysis revealed that national IQ was highly significant in raising the level of happiness. Furthermore, the interaction between IQ and governance quality contributed a positive and significant effect on happiness. The conclusion is that governance quality enhances the positive impact of intelligence on happiness. Good governance appears to create the conditions under which higher national IQ can be used towards achieving a higher level of well-being.

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