Makalah ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh modal sosial terhadap agihan pendapatan isi rumah antara wilayah di Malaysia. Modal yang bersifat subjektif dan “intangible” ini dirujuk sebagai “relational embeddedness” yang akan memudahkan kerjasama dilakukan di antara individu atau kumpulan untuk mencapai matlamat tertentu. Pencapaian matlamat ini akan berlaku melalui kombinasi ciri modal sosial, iaitu kepercayaan, jaringan/hubungan dan norma hidup individu atau kumpulan. Analisis dalam makalah ini adalah berdasarkan kepada 4003 isi rumah yang telah ditemu bual pada 2007/2008 di seluruh Semenanjung Malaysia. Melalui pembentukan model dengan menggunakan peratus pendapatan setiap isi rumah sebagai pengukur agihan pendapatan, pengaruh modal social terhadap agihan pendapatan isi rumah akan dianalisis menggunakan indeks modal sosial yang telah dibangunkan. Pemboleh ubah modal manusia seperti tahap pendidikan, latihan, pengalaman kerja dan kesihatan serta demografi dan wilayah juga diambil kira dalam penganggaran model ini. Kajian ini mendapati modal sosial memberi impak yang positif terhadap agihan pendapatan walaupun pengaruhnya lebih kecil berbanding pengaruh modal manusia.
The relationship between democracy and human development as a part of welfare has been a long debate among scholars, and lately it becomes increasingly important to question, especially for countries that are on the one hand now change their political structure, while on the other hand also fights in the welfare of its people, including in Indonesia. This study focuses on analyzing the relationship between democracy and human development, and the process of democracy in Indonesia from the aspect of failure or the success of democracy as a means of achieving the well-being of the Indonesian people. The important issues examined are to explore and explain the factors of legitimacy of democracy, and their impression of human development in Indonesia. This research question, which is: discussing the condition of democracy in Indonesia during the Administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono; discussing the political policies undertaken to create human development; analyze the relation between democracy and human development in Indonesia. Democracy in this study is considered as an independent variable, while human development is a dependent variable that relies on indicators of human development index. This thesis uses a qualitative approach supported by quantitative data, using purposive sampling techniques, and triangulation data collection techniques. The findings of this study, first, Indonesia have generally succeeded in strengthening the democratic political system, although there is still much dissatisfaction with the performance of a poor democratic institution. Secondly, democratic transition process in Indonesia tends to move forward, but still continues to position Indonesia in procedural democracy category, but has not yet reached the substantive democracy. Thirdly, during the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono there was an increase in the achievement of the human development index marked by an increase in the level of public education, health and purchasing power of the community, but could not eliminate the overall. Theoretical implications of this study, though it confirms the various theories and arguments that democracy can promote human development of society, but the case in Indonesia is very slow and insignificant.Keywords: democracy, reform, policy, human development
Firma memasuki pasaran antarabangsa untuk meluaskan pasaran bagi keluaran mereka. Untuk tujuan itu, mereka memerlukan pembiayaan yang mencukupi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesan kekangan kewangan dan gelagat mengeksport terhadap produktiviti firma di Malaysia dari tahun 2000 hingga 2015. Firma yang dipilih adalah firma yang tersenarai di Bursa Malaysia. Kaedah penganggaran Kaedah Momen Teritlak (GMM) telah diaplikasikan bagi menganalisis data kajian. Keputusan kajian secara umumnya menunjukkan faktor kewangan dalaman memainkan peranan yang amat penting dalam mempengaruhi produktiviti firma di Malaysia. Selain itu, faktor saiz, umur firma, tahap keumpilan dan tingkat produktiviti terdahulu juga mempengaruhi tingkat produktiviti semasa. Manakala, analisis subsampel menunjukkan firma pengeksport sangat bergantung kepada pembiayaan dalaman. Namun, faedah daripada eksport mengurangkan kebergantungan produktiviti firma ke atas kewangan dalaman. Dapatan ini menunjukkan kepentingan eksport dalam mengurangkan pengaruh kekangan kewangan ke atas produktiviti. Implikasinya, dasar kerajaan yang memudahkan aktiviti eksport dapat memastikan peningkatan produktiviti yang berterusan di kalangan firma serta meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
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