Vaccination from an early in life is one of the most effective medical strategies for reducing infant mortality and morbidity while also ensuring the well-being of society. Following World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, vaccination is provided free of charge to children worldwide as part of the country's maternal and child health programmes. Nevertheless, many people believe vaccines are harmful and unnecessary, even though they are widely accepted as an effective preventive measure in public health. Many previously eradicated infectious diseases have reappeared because of vaccine hesitancy. Due to vaccine rejection, vaccine avoidance is becoming increasingly common around the world. As a result, the WHO has identified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats for 2019. However, policies that encourage parents to vaccinate their children, on the other hand, may increase their willingness to do so. Government policy instruments such as mandatory regulation, incentives, promotion, and education can be used to influence parental intentions. Policy measures can encourage parents' intentions to vaccinate their children. Consequently, governments can use policy instruments like required regulation, incentives and promotion to control parents' intentions. This paper examines relevant literature on childhood vaccination policies in several countries, including Malaysia, using academic journals and observations from various articles. It is hoped that this study will add to existing knowledge about childhood vaccination policies around the world.

Efforts to elevate Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) are often becoming the main agenda of the Malaysian government. In the Twelve Malaysia Plan, the government pledge to strengthen the capacity of TVET through the National Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET). Although there have been many government efforts in elevating this TVET institution, there are some areas that need to be improved to ensure that this institution can help the country to become a developed nation. The main thrust of this paper is to highlight the Malaysian government policies in enhancing TVET and the predicaments of TVET in Malaysia. No finger-pointing intention is expected to be discovered, instead, the study is for the practical recommendation to address the unresolved issues. The findings provide insights to the policymakers and curriculum developers on the appropriate interventions that need to be taken to ensure our graduates are well equipped with the employability skills needed for the future. It is hoped that the analysis of this paper could contribute to the existing literature on an initial overview of TVET in Malaysia.