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Salinity stress constrains the growth, development, and yield in crops. Rice is an important cereal crop highly affected by salinity. To ensure the agriculture production in salt-affected soils, it is enormously entail to understand the salt adaptation strategies of plants. Salinity directly affects the morphology, physiology, and metabolism of the plants. The current study was carried out to check the influence of different concentrations of sodium chloride on rice cultivar. Higher concentration of the NaCl showed significant reduction in the growth, pigment system, and metabolites in rice cultivars. Salinity also elicited the antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and POX) response and gene expression. Cell biological studies showed the H 2 O 2 production and nuclear fragmentation due to alleviated salinity stress. To delineate the portrayal of antioxidant proteins and autophagy mechanism in salinity stress, the homologs of rice CAT1, Mn-SOD, GPX, ATG1, and ATG6 genes were retrieved from blast search. The realtime PCR analysis showed differential expression of genes and depicts new molecular insight of target genes to understand the salinity stress and autophagy-mediated stress signaling pathways.

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Couroupita guianensis (C. guianensis) Aubl. is an important medicinal plant utilized from ancient time for the treatment of various diseases. Different parts of the plant including root, stem, leaves, flower and fruit are exploited for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-cardiac, antidiabetic, antibacterial and anticancer activities. In the present study, anther extract was utilized for cost effective and rapid synthesis of anther silver nanoparticles (A-AgNPs). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was initially confirmed by surface plasmon resonance vibration with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis supported the capping and stability of A-AgNPs due to the presence of biomolecules in the extract. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the synthesis of spherical, monodispersed and aggregated A-AgNPs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) confirmed the presence of silver. The efficacy of the A-AgNPs was screened against human bacterial pathogens (gram positive and gram negative), showing significant growth inhibition and biofilm formation. The results demonstrated that anthers of C. guianensis is a potent biosource for green synthesis of stable and reproducible silver nanoparticles and can be utilized as an alternative, cost-effective and potent alternative to antibiotics.