Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji krisis kewangan Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu (NNMB) yang berlaku antara tahun 1920 hingga 1924. Pembentukan NNMB dan Majlis Mesyuarat Persekutuan (MMP) telah membolehkan kerajaan British menguasai pentadbiran kewangan persekutuan menerusi Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British di Tanah Melayu. Penguasaan pentadbiran kewangan ini bermatlamat untuk mengabsahkan segala sumbangan kewangan dari NNMB kepada kerajaan British. Walaupun begitu, pada akhir tahun 1920 pentadbiran kewangan British di NNMB tercabar apabila berlakunya penyusutan lebihan baki kewangan persekutuan. Krisis bertambah serius apabila kerajaan NNMB tidak mempunyai baki wang tunai pada akhir tahun 1921. Pengkaji-pengkaji awal lebih bersetuju faktor pemusatan pentadbiran kewangan oleh kerajaan NNMB antara tahun 1913 hingga 1919 merupakan sebab utama berlakunya krisis kewangan ini. Bertentangan dengan itu, bukti yang diperoleh daripada rekod kewangan dan pentadbiran NNMB, Prosiding MMP, Laporan Suruhanjaya Penghematan, CO 717 dan FCO 141 membuktikan berlakunya pertumbuhan lebihan baki kewangan sebelum tahun 1920. Bagi menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, objektif artikel ini ialah menilai semula faktor krisis kewangan NNMB. Hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa, pemusatan pentadbiran kewangan bukanlah faktor sebenar yang menyebabkan krisis kewangan NNMB. Terdapat bukti kukuh yang menunjukkan faktor kegagalan Laurence N. Guillemard selaku Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British memahami akaun kerajaan NNMB menyebabkan krisis kewangan.
This article explores how the European media reports on the Malaysian palm oil to consumers in the European Union countries. The European newspapers allegedly mentioned that palm oil brings extensive damage and affects the environment, cutting down of forests, animal extinction and child labour. The consistent role and influence of the European media in reporting and giving a bad sentiment regarding the disadvantages of Malaysian palm oil to the European consumers have successfully launched an anti-palm oil campaign among the consumers. This matter has also caused a decrease in the export of palm oil into the European Union and indirectly affected the fate of 600,000 palm oil producers in Malaysia. This article uses the literature review approach on the resources such as the European Union newspapers which have a high number of readers in their respected countries such as the Guardian and BBC (United Kingdom), Gazeta Wyborcza and Super Express (Poland), The Brussel Times, Metro and Gazet Van Antwerpen (Belgium) to analyse the role of media in this matter. The results found that the issue of palm oil in the news reports propagated by the European media on the drawbacks of Malaysian palm oil did not happen as reported. In truth, the actual purpose behind their act was to ‘protect’ their real agenda, which is to replace palm oil with their soybean crops. The issues that were touted by the newspapers have given a bad image to the Malaysian palm oil industry. Keywords: European Union, Malaysian palm oil, MPOB, MPOC, biofuel.
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kedudukan negeri naungan sebagai jajahan dalam empayar British. isu negeri naungan menjadi polemik dalam kalangan sarjana bagi menentukan kedudukan Tanah Melayu ketika era penjajahan British. Berdasarkan tafsiran secara literal terhadap istilah negeri naungan, sesetengah pihak mendakwa Tanah Melayu tidak pernah dijajah. namun begitu, apakah konsep atau sistem sebenar negeri naungan menurut sudut pandang kolonial British? Kaedah kajian sejarah digunakan untuk mengumpul sumber primer daripada Arkib negara Malaysia, Arkib negara United Kingdom dan Perpustakaan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dokumen Pejabat Tanah Jajahan siri CO 717, CO 273, CO 576 dan FCO 141 antara tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an merupakan sumber utama yang digunakan bagi menjawab persoalan kajian yang dinyatakan. Melalui sumber British tersebut, artikel ini memformulasikan kedudukan sebenar negeri naungan dan Tanah Melayu dalam empayar British. Hasil kajian mendapati, sebagai negeri naungan, Tanah Melayu merupakan jajahan dalam empayar British. namun begitu, British hanya mempunyai bidang kuasa tertentu seperti yang termaktub dalam perjanjiannya dengan Raja-Raja Melayu. British hanya mengiktiraf kekebalan Raja-Raja Melayu daripada tindakan mahkamah, manakala daulat pentadbiran dan perundangan berada di bawah bidang kuasa kerajaan British melalui Pejabat Tanah Jajahan. Walaupun undang-undang imperial tidak terpakai secara langsung di Tanah Melayu, British menggunakan majlis perundangan untuk mengabsahkan pelaksanaannya.
During the inter-war years, the Colonial Empire played a significant role in contributing tropical products to the United Kingdom. Besides supplying raw materials, the colonies also contribute to the food supply for the mother country's inhabitants. In 1925, the Imperial Economic Committee began promoting and inquiring the empire's food product for consumption in the United Kingdom. Afterwards, the British government introduced the Colonial Development Act of 1929 to encourage tropical development in the Colonial Empire. However, the present study neglected the influence of that on Malayan economic activities. Thus, this article examines the implementation of the colonial development policy in promoting Malayan pineapples industry. This study used content analysis to construct the relationship between colonial policy and economic development in Malaya. This study provides historical evidence and data collected from the National Archives of the United Kingdom and Malaysia's National Archives. The findings showed that the imperial aid had supported Malaya in becoming a major supplier for canned pineapples in the British Empire. However, the colonial development policy led the colonial government in Malaya as the debtor to the imperial government.
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