A total of three carbazole alkaloids and essential oil from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) were obtained and examined for their effects on the growth of five antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria and three tumor cell lines (MCF-7, P 388 and Hela). The structures of these carbazoles were elucidated based on spectroscopy data and compared with literature data, hence, were identified as mahanine (1), mahanimbicine (2) and mahanimbine (3). The chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). These compounds exhibited potent inhibition against antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (210P JTU), Psedomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619), Klebsiella pneumonia (SR1-TU), Escherchia coli (NI23 JTU) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SR16677-PRSP) with significant minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values (25.0–175.0 mg/mL) and minimum bacteriacidal concentrations (MBC) (100.0–500.0 μg/mL). The isolated compounds showed significant antitumor activity against MCF-7, Hela and P388 cell lines. Mahanimbine (3) and essential oil in particular showed potent antibacteria and cytotoxic effect with dose dependent trends (≤5.0 μg/mL). The findings from this investigation are the first report of carbazole alkaloids’ potential against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria, MCF-7 and P388 cell lines.

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The depletion of fossil fuel reserves, concerns over global warming and the high demand for natural functional foods and products have valorized microalgae as an alternative renewable feedstock. Over the past few decades, extensive research has focussed on microalgae, driven by their increasing applications and future potential. Thus, this review reports on one of the most significant pioneer microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck. The value of and prospects for this microalga for various applications are presented in relation to its biochemical components. Since metabolic changes occur when microalgae are cultivated under different environmental conditions, an overview of the effects of some environmental parameters on C. vulgaris is presented with respect to biomass production enhancement along with the accumulation of molecules of interest while maintaining feasible production costs.

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