Special Economic Zones (SEZs) is one of the known mechanisms to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Nevertheless, there was a global mix reaction towards its successful implementation with a few operational failures, especially in the area of its legal framework. Therefore, this paper aim is to explore the success and failure experience to be a reference for the development of Special Border Economic Zone at Bukit Kayu Hitam using qualitative textual analysis. It finds that two significant issues in SEZs; regulatory/ legal framework, and development spill-over. Keywords: Special Economic Zones; Land Use Planning Law; Policy Implementation; Bukit Kayu Hitam. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2270

A guarantee of successful life in this world and the hereafter would be achieved if Muslims live according to Islamic principles and teachings. Property and power that are entrusted to men by Allah SWT ought to be judiciously administered based on Islamic precepts. In brief, the administration of Islamic property aims to achieve hasanah (goodness) not only here but also the hereafter. Islam, as a complete way of life, has outlined the absolute guidance on property administration through a systematic law, i.e. the Islamic law of inheritance by means of wasiat (will), hibah (gift inter vivos) and waqf (charity). This article focused on the instrument of hibah under the administration of Islamic property and this includes comparisons of its principles and the reality of its application in Malaysia. Hibah is an element of the distribution of assets as drawn under the Islamic concept of managing property. Its concept, application and implementation need to be intensely understood. It has been occasionally observed that disputes would take place after the demise of the donor (the person who had exercised hibah) which complicates the distribution of the assets. Therefore, if this instrument is exercised differ entry between institutions but effectively and cautiously in line with the Islamic rules and principles, the rights of those entitled would be certainly safeguarded.

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The term e-government means the employment of the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens. It refers to the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Nevertheless, the implementation of e-government has not been smooth-sailing. Managerial hiccups and barriers seem to hamper the proper implementation of e-government. Accordingly, the risks perception theory stands out as being appropriate to explain such barriers. This theoretical paper outlines the application of risks perception theory for the understanding of the barriers to the implementation of e-government in any particular jurisdiction. Factors such as leadership failures, financial inhibitors, and workplace and organizational inflexibility could potentially impede the full potential of the engagement of e-government services by the government, businesses and the citizens. Adopting library-based research method, and document analysis of secondary data from textbooks, government reports, government websites, journal articles and newspaper reports, this paper traces the development of e-government in selected jurisdictions in the world which adopt e-government in its delivery of information and services. Generally, this paper highlights the employment of risks perception theory in the understanding of the barriers to e-government initiatives. The paper aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge on the study of e-government services.