Background and Aim: Carcinoma/Cancer patients are more susceptible to venous thromboembolism compared to common disease patients. Regardless of chemotherapy, venous thromboembolism risk increases by 5-6 fold. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in Fauji Foundation, Holy Family and Benazir Bhutto Hospital of Rawalpindi. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 434 carcinoma/cancer patients presented to the Department of Medical Oncology, Fauji Foundation, Holy Family and Benazir Bhutto Hospital of Rawalpindi from May 2020 to July 2021. Malignancy patients of age range from 5 years to 65 years with deep vein thrombosis clinical signs and symptoms were investigated. All patients had to have a biopsy to prove they had cancer. All patients underwent routine baseline investigations, which included a complete blood picture ECG, biochemistry, and X-rays. Results: Of the total 434 carcinoma/cancer patients, 23 (5.3%) malignant patients had deep vein thrombosis. The overall mean age of 23 patients was 34.56 ± 8.71 years with an age range from 5 years to 65 years. Out of 23 patients, 14 (60.9%) were male and 9 (39.1%) were females. The prevalence of primary cancer (tumors) and hematological malignancies were 11 (47.8%) and 12 (52.2%) respectively. Enoxaparin injections of 1mg/kg/day were prescribed to these patients for 5 days to 7 days duration followed by 6 months of warfarin. Conclusion: Our study found that the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis was 5.3%. Antithrombotic agents lower the risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Low dose warfarin and Low molecular weight heparins can both prevent and treat cancer-related thrombosis. Venous thromboembolism be treated with either unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) before starting Warfarin therapy as per guidelines. Keywords: Prevalence, Deep vein thrombosis, Warfarin

Background and Aim: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the most challenging laparoscopic procedure used for gallstones removal and has a higher prevalence of bile-duct injuries compared to open cholecystectomy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of biliary complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 40 patients with cholecystitis in Surgery department of Polyclinic Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan for duration from November 2020 to June 2021. An informed consent form was taken from each individual. All the symptomatic gallstones disease patients were enrolled irrespective of their age and gender in this study. Ethical approval was taken from the respective hospital ethical review committee. The Laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications were bile duct injuries, cystic artery bleeding, retained biliary stone, bile duct leakage, abdominal pain, and internal bleeding following surgery and mortality. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 40 cholecystitis patients, the prevalence of female and male patients were 35 (87.5%) and 5 (12.5%) respectively. The overall prevalence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications was found in 29 (72.5%) patients. The most prevalent complication was retained stone 13 (32.5%) cases followed by biliary duct leakage and injuries in 7 (17.5%) cases. Cystic artery bleeding was present in 5 (12.5%) cases. Other postsurgery complications were artery cystic bleeding in 3 (7.5%) cases and abdominal pain in 1 (2.5%) case. There was no mortality found among the patients. Conclusion: In the treatment of gallbladder disease, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard technique. However, due to the high rate of bile duct injuries, special care must be taken. Extra-biliary complications are far more common than biliary complications and can be fatal. To avoid significant morbidity and mortality in these patients, an early diagnosis and a high level of suspicion combined with sound clinical judgment are essential. Keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), Cholecystitis, Biliary complications