COVID-19 has been causing a global threat to almost all countries for more than one year. Vaccination of the majority of any country’s population is considered to be an effective way of controlling the spread and mortality of this infection. Therefore, it is important to assess the public’s willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. In this study, we evaluated the public willingness and hesitancy to take the vaccine in Afghanistan, during December 2020 and January 2021. Sociodemographic data, awareness on vaccine production, vaccine availability, willingness and hesitancy to take the COVID-19 vaccine were collected. The Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. A total of 806 complete responses were received. Majority of the respondents were ≤ 40 years old (89.8%) and male (72.7%). Less than two-thirds (509; 63%) of the participants reported willingness to take the vaccine when it becomes available, whereas almost one-third (297; 37%) of them were hesitant to take the COVID-19 vaccine. More female than male respondents were willing to take the vaccine (χ2 = 13.176, P value = 0.001). A significant portion of the public were not willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine. In a country like Afghanistan, which already has a low coverage of vaccination, this could pose a challenge for the vaccination program against COVID-19 to be effective. The Ministry of Public Health should work on public trust and change people’s mindset about vaccine reality and efficacy to prevent the rejection of this health intervention.
Deficiencies in knowledge about immunization among parents often leads to poor uptake or errors in immunization dosage and timing. The aims of this study were to determine Iraqi parents' views of barriers to immunization and beliefs about ways to promote immunization. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 528 Iraqi parents with children who had incomplete immunization status. The main barriers to immunization agreed by the parents were lack of vaccine availability (51.5% of parents) and parents' lack of education (42.4%), while 88.4% of parents thought that lack of funding was not an important barrier. More than 60% of the parents suggested promoting childhood immunization via the media, and 77.5% thought that an increase in funding would not remove barriers to childhood immunization. Better vaccine availability in public health clinics and improving parents' literacy might enhance immunization uptake in Iraq. Opinions des parents iraquiens sur les obstacles à la vaccination infantileRÉSUMÉ Des connaissances insuffisantes en matière de vaccination chez les parents entraînent souvent une utilisation médiocre de la vaccination ou des erreurs dans les doses de vaccins et le calendrier d'administration. La présente étude visait à déterminer les opinions des parents iraquiens en ce qui concerne les obstacles à la vaccination et leurs croyances sur les méthodes de promotion de la vaccination. Une enquête par questionnaire a été menée auprès de 528 parents iraquiens ayant un enfant dont le statut vaccinal n'était pas à jour. Les principaux obstacles à la vaccination selon les parents étaient l'absence de disponibilité des vaccins (51,5 % des parents) et la faiblesse du niveau d'études des parents (42,4 %). En outre, ils étaient 88,4 % à penser que l'insuffisance des financements n'était pas un frein important. Plus de 60 % des parents ont suggéré de promouvoir la vaccination infantile dans les médias, mais 77,5 % pensaient qu'une augmentation du financement ne permettrait pas d'éliminer les obstacles à la vaccination infantile. Améliorer la disponibilité des vaccins dans les établissements de soins publics ainsi que le niveau d'instruction des parents pourrait contribuer à accroître le recours à la vaccination en Iraq.
Introduction: Obstetric Fistula is defined as direct communication between the vagina and the bladder (vesicovaginal fistula) and/or between the vagina and the rectum (recto-vaginal fistula). Each year 50.000 to 100.000 new cases of obstetric fistula are globally reported. According to World Health Organization, more than 200 million young women live with unrepair obstetric fistula mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia including Afghanistan. Women with obstetric fistula suffer from frequent urinary or fecal incontinence which causes shame, social segregation, and other health problems. Obstructed labor (due to early marriage and inadequately developed pelvic) constitutes the most common cause of obstetric fistula. Therefore, the current study strived to assess teenage pregnancy on obstetric fistula among women in the fistula center of Malalai Maternity Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one year (2019-2020) with 30 cases of obstetric fistula among women attended at Fistula Center of Malalai Maternity Hospital. Result: Among 30 women current aged with obstetric fistula 66.6 % were between20-37years, the mean age was 33.9±10.2 and the median was 30 years, the max and min range was between 20-56y. 66.6 % cases their marriage-age was between 16-20 y, while marriage age(mean) was 18.4±3.2, most women (60%) their ages in first delivery were between 15-19 y old, the height of the 40% women was less than 150 cm, and 46.7% women had 1-4 parity with mean of 5.2±3.1 and extreme (1-14), duration of labor in 90% were more than one day, majority of cases (60%) was Recto vaginal, 33% vesicovaginal and 7% with a compound type of fistula, 80% of cases were from remote and rural areas. Conclusions The teenage pregnancy and early marriage between (16-20 y old) was the vast majority of obstetric fistula formation, rectovaginal fistula, living in a remote area, short stature less than 150cm, and duration of more than one day have been seen. teenage pregnancy and obstetric fistula are preventable conditions. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce obstetrical fistula should target teenagers
Background: The recent pandemic of human coronavirus infections, at the beginning of the 21st century, have shown the prominent roles of rapid and accurate diagnostic technologies to contain the emerging and re-emerging infections. To control such a large-scale crisis, early identification and prevention of infection are essential. Prompt identification of cases relies on the accurate diagnostic technologies. Before analysis, appropriate sample collection is essential for making a precise molecular diagnosis of SARS-COV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2). To prevent further spread of infection and obtain consistent results, proper preventive measures must be taken into consideration to keep laboratory staff safe. Despite the development of specific and sensitive point-of-care tests and serological immunoassays which are considered supplementary methods for diagnosing SARS-COV-2, RT-PCR (Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase-Chain-Reaction) remains the gold standard performed on respiratory specimens. Upon completion of the sample analysis, testing results must be interpreted using both molecular and serological findings. Finally, random-access, integrated devices available for the purpose of care with scalable capacities will facilitate the rapid and accurate diagnosis and monitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) infections. Objectives: This review covers the types of sample collection, current diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 and challenges in their application Methods: A literature search was performed on the lines for a narrative review, but including features of systematic review methodology (PRISMA flow diagram). Two authors searched three electronic databases for literature review, i.e., PubMed, HINARI, and Google Scholar using Mesh-terms, specimen types or molecular diagnostic tests or serological tests in link with COVID-19 or SARS CoV-2, with different combinations, between March 21, 2020 and March 8, 2023. Conclusion: To control the current pandemic of COVID-19 and reduce its burden on healthcare systems around the world, the capacity of diagnostic tests should be improved. Rapid molecular diagnostic tests that can be fast, reliable, cost-effective, available, sensitive, and specific and point of care, must be urgently developed, produced, and widely distributed all over the globe.
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