Happiness at the workplace refers to how satisfied people are with their work and lives. The idea of happiness is related to individual's subjective well-being. Happiness at the workplace is crucial for improving productivity in any organization. Happy people are productive people while those people who are unhappy may not pay full attention to any task. Some scholars believe that organizations which are able to maintain long-term happiness at the workplace could probably increase and sustain productivity. Therefore, they should know what factors could affect employee happiness in order to effectively enhance happiness at the workplace. But research on employee happiness was rarely seen in the past. The issue of happiness at the workplace needs to be properly conceptualized so that useful research on it could be conducted. This paper presents a potential conceptual framework of happiness at the workplace that could give valuable contribution to future research in this area.

This paper views career management as a combination of both organizational career management (OCM) and individual career management (ICM). It highlights the important impact of career management on personal and organizational successes. It also emphasizes on the effective career management which fosters personal career growth and sustains organizational competitive advantages. At the personal level, the notion of career management brings forth the employee's capability to develop a career in the workplace. Likewise, it provides organizations with the ability to proactively respond to the rapidly changing organizational environments. This paper differentiates between OCM and ICM that could lead to a clearer understanding of the two terms. The concept of career management is important to academics and practitioners who are involved in this area.

The focus of many organizations worldwide has been changing from greater productivity and profit maximization to sustainable development. Those organizations that focus on profit-only often make shortterm decisions without concern for long-run sustainable benefits. The concept of organizational ethics has been widely discussed as it may provide the means to long-term business success. This paper considers the basis of organizational ethics as an integration of ethical climate and culture in organizations that has an important impact on ethical decision-making and outcomes, which in turn could lead to sustainable development. The challenge of businesses is to remain ethical to stakeholders under conditions of uncertainty. They are expected to serve sustainable development not only for the benefits of themselves, but also the interests of others in society.

In presenting this thesis fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy from University Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University Library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisor(s) or, in their absence by the Dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to University Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from my thesis.

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