Background:Invasive breast carcinoma is one of the most common cancers of women. Parameters such as lymph node status, tumor grade, and the status of hormone receptors are among the main prognostic determinants of this cancer. Immunohistochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used to identify metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, its immunoreactivity has been found in some non-prostatic tissues. This study was conducted to assess PSA expression in invasive breast carcinoma and its relationship with routine clinicopathologic parameters.Materials and Methods:100 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded invasive breast carcinoma tissue specimens from the pathology archive of Alzahra hospital (Isfahan, Iran) were studied for the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2/neu, and PSA by immunohistochemistry. Stained sections were classified according to the intensity of staining and the percentage of cells showing PSA staining. The relationship between PSA expression and other markers, age, lymph node status, tumor subtype, and tumor grade was then studied.Results:No association was found between PSA expression on one hand and PR, Her2/neu, age, lymph node status, tumor grade, and tumor subtype on the other. PSA score was reversely correlated with ER expression (P = 0.015).Conclusion:Despite the reverse relationship between PSA expression and the immunoreactivity of ER, PSA expression was not correlated with other prognostic factors. Therefore, the detection of PSA by immunohistochemistry does not seem to be a significant prognostic parameter in patients with invasive breast carcinoma.

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to overview the observational studies on the association of exposure to air pollution and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and Methods: Based on PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases to determine the association of air pollution exposure and T1DM. Quality assessment of the papers was evaluated using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for observational studies. The odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of the associations between air pollutants (gases and particulate matter air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, volatile organic compound, SO4, SO2, O3) and T1DM. Results: Out of 385 initially identified papers, 6 studies were used for this meta-analysis. Fixed effects meta-analysis showed a significant association between per 10 μg/m3 increase in O3 and PM2.5 exposures with the increased risk of T1DM (3 studies, OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.80, I 2 = 83.5% for O3 and two studies, OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05, I 2 = 76.3% for PM2.5). There was no evidence of association between increased risk of T1DM and exposure to PM10 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.99–1.06, I 2 = 59.4%), SO4 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.91–1.49, I 2 = 93.8%), SO2 (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83–1.06, I 2 = 85.0%), and NO2 (OR = 0.995,95% CI: 1.05–1.04, I 2 = 24.7%). Conclusion: Recent publications indicated that exposure to ozone and PM2.5 may be a risk factor for T1DM. However, due to limited available studies, more prospective cohort studies are needed to clarify the role of air pollutants in T1DM occurrence.

This study aims to investigate the association between some phthalate metabolites and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. This case-control study was conducted in 2019–2020 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants consisted of 150 newly diagnosed cases of T1DM children and an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Urinary phthalate metabolites (mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and Monobutyl phthalate (MBP)) were measured and compared between the two groups. The association between urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and T1DM was determined after adjusting for age, sex, parental education, and duration of breastfeeding, and dietary patterns. Overall, 294 children (147 in each group) with a mean age of 8.5(3.7) years completed the study. The mean urinary concentration of phthalate metabolites in diabetic patients were significantly higher than controls [35(0.09–134) vs. 28.9(0.07-95) for MBP, 38.8(0.21-75) vs. 18.9(6.7–46.4) for MBzP, 263(105–603) vs. 90(44.5–237) for MEOHP, 1034(385–1884) vs. 514(188–1447) for MEHHP, P < 0.05 for all metabolites].High levels of urinary MEOHP significantly increased the risk of T1DM; OR (95% CI): 10.1(2.9–34.3).Our study indicated that the urine concentration of phthalate metabolites is significantly higher in T1DM patients and a significant association was found between MEOHP and T1DM.Our findings could be used as a baseline study for identifying the sources of the metabolites and introducing them to health policymakers as well as researchers to plan further studies for better understanding the role of different endocrine disruptor chemicals in the pathogenesis of T1DM.