This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity by location of residence among randomly-selected 2,577 urban school girls aged 12–17 years in Rasht, Iran. Data on age, frequency of skipping breakfast per week, physical activity, hours of television viewing, self-perception about body condition, and home address were collected. Birthweight of the girls, educational levels of parents, weights and heights of parents, and employment status of mothers were asked to the parents using a self-administrated questionnaire. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in this population was 18.6% and 5.9% respectively. Overweight or obesity was more common among girls from low-income areas compared to high-income areas (21.6% vs 17.1%, p<0.001). Maternal education was positively related to overweight/obesity of the girls. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that risk of overweight/obesity was higher in girls whose either parent was overweight or obese. Furthermore, living in low-income areas and skipping breakfast were independently related to overweight/obesity. These data suggest that overweight and obesity are a public-health concern among school girls, especially in low-income areas in Rasht. Knowing risk factors in population subgroups is important for planners in the country because it helps target interventions.
Background: Vitamin D (VD) may increase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and subsequently PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and irisin levels and these improvements may reduce insulin resistance (IR). The aim was to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on SIRT1, irisin, and IR in overweight/obese type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Methods: Ninety T2D males and females were recruited as a clinical trial study (mean of age and body mass index (BMI) of intervention and placebo groups were 50.05 ± 10.17 and 50.36 ± 10.2 yrs. and 31.37 ± 3.4 and 30.43 ± 3.2 kg/m 2 , respectively). The inclusion criteria were T2D, VD deficient, BMI > 25 kg/m 2 , and serum HbA1c < 8.5%. The exclusion criteria were using vitamin and mineral supplements, having any acute disease, recent modifying dose or type of drugs. The supplementation was 50,000 IU/week VD or placebo for 8 weeks. The demographic characteristics, anthropometrics, dietary intakes and physical activity status, sun exposure status, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), irisin, SIRT1, 25-hydroxy D3 (25(OH)VD), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were determined. The significant P-value was ≤0.05. Results: The increase of serum VD, SIRT1, and irisin in the intervention group was significant (p < 0.001). HbA1c was decreased significantly by 1%. The changes in the other glucose indices (FBS, insulin, and IR) were non-significant. Conclusions: VD supplementation may improve T2D by decreasing HbA1c and increasing SIRT1 and irisin in VD deficient T2D patients. Further trials are suggested. Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT201604202365N11. Registered 21/08/2016, http://en.irct. ir/trial/2019.
Objective: Investigation of the relationship between educational level, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity and parity in a group of Iranian men and women living in Tehran. Design: A cross-sectional study in a group of Iranian men and women. The subjects were classified into two educational levels: low education (r12 y schooling) and high education (412 y schooling); and BMI, WHR, physical activity and parity (in women) were compared in two groups in men and women, separately. Setting: Metabolic Unit of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Subjects: Three hundred and fifteen men aged 33.1 (22-46) and 403 women aged 27.9 (22-45). Results: After controlling for age and smoking, women with a higher level of education showed a significantly lower mean BMI than less educated women (24.8 7 4.2 vs 28.3 7 4.9, Po0.01), while more educated men had a higher mean BMI than less educated men (28.4 7 4.3 vs 26.7 7 4.5). In multiple regression analysis, physical activity in leisure time in men and years of education in women were the only determinants of BMI. After controlling for BMI, WHR was not related to the level of education in either men or women.
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