The state of income distribution in developing countries is important from an economic perspective, including per capita income, national savings, society's welfare and a sociopolitical perspective for governments to attract public voters.Therefore, economic justice has always been a concern of governments because of its undeniable economic and social consequences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of macroeconomic variables such as economic complexity, scientific productivity and various economic, financial and political risks on the situation of income inequality in developing economies during the years 2000-2019, using an econometric Panel-VAR method. The results showed that income inequality in selected middle-income developing countries is moving towards better status due to an increase in scientific productivity and a reduction in economic, financial and political risks. While income inequality decreases as economic complexity increases above a certain threshold. The results of the analysis of variance decomposition showed that among the explanatory variables, the economic complexity has the largest share in describing the Gini coefficient as the index of income inequality distribution.

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RésuméPour des caractères répétés (production laitière, prolificité...), l'indice de sélection (1 . ) Example of the selection on prolificacy in pigsThe selection index (I.) which is classically used for repeated characteristics (e.g. milk production, prolificacy) is based on an average of n measurements and depends only on the coefficients of heritability (h z ) and repeatability (r) of the trait concerned. As an alternative, a combined index (I . ) i-suggested in which each observation is weighted by a coefficient calculated according to H AZEL ' S theory ; this takes into account genetic correlations (r.) between repeated performances. For a desired breeding goal (H), this index is compared to the conventional one by varying the number of observations made (1 to 5), the values of h 2 (0.1 to 0.6) and r G (0 to 1 in steps 0.1). For a given value of these parameters, the accuracy (correlation between H and I) and the efficiency (expected genetic improvement on H by selecting on I m and I c respectively) of I m and 1, are almost the same. The greatest loss of accuracy of 1 m relative to 1 . is 9 p. 100 ; the difference being more marked as r G is lower and n greater. The accuracy and efficiency of both I m and 1. are improved with increasing n and this is amplified by increasing r o and decreasing h 2 values. If the hypothesis of r! = 1 is wrong, the accuracy and the efficiency of selection may be overestimated ; this overestimation is all the larger as the number of measures is higher ; it also varies with heritability. For example, in the case of selection on prolificacy in pigs (h 2 = .10), overestimation of the expected genetic progress may be 300 p. 100. This character is discussed according to estimations of r G made in the literature ; these estimations are variable but lower than 1 and this may partly explain the discrepancies between theoretical expectations and the actual results obtained in selection experiments.

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Sustainable economic development involves both improving the socio-economic quality of life in the present and improving environmental conditions for future generations. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of the determinant macroeconomic variables, including economic complexity, construction, energy consumption, and housing sector expenditures, on environmental changes in Iran over the period 1991 to 2019; using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results show that at the macro level, an increase in the economic complexity index can reduce pollution in both the short and long term. The effects of further expansion of the housing sector and household energy consumption on pollution are positive and significant in both the short and long run. The error correction model (ECM = 0.65) shows that 65% of the imbalances in each period are corrected in the next period. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to take serious measures to improve the structure of production and increase the country’s economic complexity index; in other words, to produce goods with higher knowledge and technology and apply policies to improve the level of household energy consumption leading to air pollution reduction. Jel: Q40, Q48, Q50, Q52