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Background: The aim of our study was to perform a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis in order to investigate relationship between drug use and oral health. Methods: We searched for studies in English published before July 1, 2019 on PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science. We assessed the relationship between drug use (methamphetamines, heroin; opiates; crack, cocaine and cannabis as dependent variables) and reported tooth loss, periodontal disease, or decayed, missing, and filled teeth index as an independent variable. The data were analyzed using Stata 12.0 software. Results:We initially identified 1836 potential articles (with 1100 duplicates) and screened the remaining 736 titles and abstracts, comprising 54 studies. In the next step, we evaluated the full-texts; 44 studies were excluded, accordingly. In total, we included 10 publications in the meta-analysis. Drug type was associated with periodontal disease (OR 1.44; 95% CI 0.8-2.6) and pooled estimates showed that type of drug used increased the odds of the number of decayed, missed and filled teeth (DMFT) (OR 4.11; 95% CI 2.07-8.15) respectively. Conclusions: The analytical challenges of segregating the impact of individual drug types on oral health diseases mean that investigations on the direct relationship between oral health status and drug use are limited. Developing programs to improve potential confounding with various substances and addressing the dental health needs of people who use drugs is vital if we are to improve their overall quality of life.

M . T AN G NE Y, C . R OU S SE , M . YA ZD A NI AN A ND W. J . M IT C HE LL . 1998. Sucrose is the major carbon source in molasses, the traditional substrate employed in the industrial acetonebutanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia. The utilization of sucrose by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 was investigated. Extracts prepared from cultures grown on sucrose (but not xylose or fructose) as the sole carbon source possessed sucrose phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) activity. Extract fractionation and reconstitution experiments revealed that the entire sucrose Enzyme II complex resides within the membrane in this organism. Sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase and fructokinase activities were also detected in sucrose grown cultures. The fructokinase activity, which is required specifically during growth on sucrose, was shown to be inducible under these conditions. A pathway for sucrose metabolism in this organism is proposed.

Biomaterials applications have rapidly expanded into different fields of sciences. One of the important fields of using biomaterials is dentistry, which can facilitate implantation, surgery, and treatment of oral diseases such as peri-implantitis, periodontitis, and other dental problems. Drug delivery systems based on biocompatible materials play a vital role in the release of drugs into aim tissues of the oral cavity with minimum side effects. Therefore, scientists have studied various delivery systems to improve the efficacy and acceptability of therapeutic approaches in dental problems and oral diseases. Also, biomaterials could be utilized as carriers in biocompatible drug delivery systems. For instance, natural polymeric substances, such as gelatin, chitosan, calcium phosphate, alginate, and xanthan gum are used to prepare different forms of delivery systems. In addition, some alloys are conducted in drug complexes for the better in transportation. Delivery systems based on biomaterials are provided with different strategies, although individual biomaterial has advantages and disadvantages which have a significant influence on transportation of complex such as solubility in physiological environments or distribution in tissues. Biomaterials have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and prolonged time contact and even enhance antibiotic activities in oral infections. Moreover, these biomaterials are commonly prepared in some forms such as particulate complex, fibers, microspheres, gels, hydrogels, and injectable systems. In this review, we examined the application of biocompatible materials in drug delivery systems of oral and dental diseases or problems.

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