Objectives The present study aimed to calculate the estimated size and confidence interval for the effects of adding visual aid to counselling on anxiety, stress and fear of patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The secondary aim was to calculate confidence interval for endoscopy-related variables that predict which patients are likely to benefit from visual aids. Method In a randomized, single-blind, two arm, parallel group, superiority trial, 232 consecutive patients who were scheduled to undergo either gastroscopy or colonoscopy were randomly divided into two intervention groups; counselling with video of endoscopic procedure and counselling with no-video ( n = 116 in each group). Primary outcome was anxiety and secondary outcomes were stress and fear. Results One-way ANCOVA showed that there was significant between group differences of anxiety, stress and fear after controlling for the effect of covariates. Planned contrasts revealed that counselling along with visual aid of endoscopy procedure significantly decreased anxiety [Mean difference at post; −4.26 (−4.47, −4.05), p < .001, partial η 2 = 0.88], stress [−5.35 (−5.63, −5.07), p < .001, partial η 2 = 0.86] and fear [−2.82 (−2.97, −2.67), p < .001, partial η 2 = 0.86] compared to counselling alone. Linear regression showed that gender, nature of complaints and concern over seniority of endoscopist were significant negative predictors, however, satisfaction on briefing of endoscopy procedure was significant positive predictor of outcome variables in visual aid condition. Conclusion The increase in anxiety, acute stress and fear related to endoscopic procedures can be alleviated with psychological counselling coupled with visual aids before the procedure. Visual aid could lead to supplementary benefits in reducing anxiety scores. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov Number: NCT05241158. Registered 16/11/2022; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05241158 KEY MESSAGES Counselling along with visual aid of endoscopy procedure significantly decreased anxiety, stress and fear as compared to counselling alone. Male patients were less stressed after visual aid intervention as compared to female patients. Patients who had chronic GI symptoms were less stressed after visual aid intervention as compared to those who had acute GI symptoms. Patients who had concern over seniority of endoscopist were less stressed after visual aid intervention as compared to those who had no concerns over seniority. Satisfaction on briefing of endoscopy procedure was significant posi...

Objective: To record the frequency of dental erosion (DE) in patients with Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Methodology: The research included a total of one hundred patients who had been diagnosed with gastro esophageal reflux disease. Duration of study was 3 months from July, 2022 to September, 2022. Patients who presented with a digestive system illness in which stomach acid splashed over the bottom of the esophagus met the criteria for a diagnosis of GERD, which we utilized to make the diagnosis. It manifested itself in the form of a strong burning feeling in the chest, which often occurred after meals and typically occurred many times each week. Endoscopy and the patients' medical histories were used to make the diagnosis. For the purpose of making a tooth erosion diagnosis, GERD patients were evaluated presenting in the Madinah teaching hospital Faisalabad. It was shown that individuals who suffered from GERD had a significantly higher incidence of tooth erosion. Results: In our study, 46(46%) cases were between 30-45 years of age while 54(n=54) were between 46-60 years of age, mean age was calculated as 46.14+11.85 years. Gender distribution shows that 51(51%) were male while 49(49%) were females. DE was recorded in 34(34%) while 66(66%) had no findings of the morbidity; we found no significant difference in age and gender. Conclusion: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease often have dental erosion as a presenting symptom (GERD). Screening individuals with GERD for tooth erosion is crucial for identifying and treating instances timely to enhance patients' quality of life. Keywords: Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Adults, Dental Erosion (DE)

Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of theliver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine thepatterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective,observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed writtenconsent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous bloodsamples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathologylaboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5%patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%,normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5%patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%,normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including totalcholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.