Introduction:Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the most prevalent disorders at reproductive age and has a negative impact on emotions and performance of women. Since various factors play a role in the development of this syndrome, the present study was aimed to examine biopsychosocial etiology of PMS in the form of a narrative review.Materials and Methods:Relevant studies were collected based on the three subjects of biological, psychological, and social etiologies during 1987–2015. First, Medical Subject Headings was used to specify the relevant keywords such as biological, psychological, social, and premenstrual syndrome which were used to search Internet databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, PMDR, Ovid, Magiran, and Iranmedex, which led to collection of 1 book and 26 Persian and English articles.Results:The results were classified into three sections. In the biological section, the effect and role of sex hormones and their changes in PMS were examined. In the psychological section, hypotheses on PMS and the role of psychological problems in the development of PMS were examined. In the social section, the role and social, religious, and cultural position of women and its relationship with PMS were examined.Conclusion:To reduce negative experiences of PMS, it is recommended that girls should be provided with necessary scientific information on puberty and premenstrual health. The results showed that paying attention to the complaint on premenstrual symptoms is significant in women's comprehensive assessment, and it plays an essential role in diagnosing psychological and physical annoying diseases.

Aim: To determine the effectiveness of the progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) technique on anxiety caused by Covid-19 in pregnant women under the auspices of comprehensive health service centers in the nineteenth district of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Method: This study is a randomized clinical trial. A total of 126 pregnant women were randomly allocated to the intervention group (N = 63) and control group (N = 63). All participants completed demographic questionnaires and the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale electronically. The intervention was held in six sessions through Sky Room (three times a week). It consisted of training and practicing the PMR. The intervention group was re-evaluated with the related questionnaires immediately after the intervention and 2 weeks later, and the control group 2 and 4 weeks after the baseline.Results: There was a significant difference between the control and intervention groups at the baseline (P = .05). Nevertheless, analysis of variance test results showed that the difference between the intervention and control groups was found to be significantly different statistically; (22.92 ± 6.07) for intervention versus (28.13 ± 6.93) for control, with the second follow up (P = .01). Conclusions:Progressive muscle relaxation is used as a useful intervention to reduce anxiety in pregnant women during coronavirus pandemics educated and recommended with more emphasis and sensitivity in pregnancy care by healthcare providers.

We aimed to investigate the prevalence, awareness, perceived reliability, and factors associated with the use of long-acting reversible contraception among reproductive-aged, married women and men in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1520 men and women between 15-49 years of age who attended public health centers in Tehran were surveyed. Results: About 85% of the respondents reported that they were already familiar with intrauterine contraception and 61.9% with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate. The majority of women respondents had not considered IUDs (57.2%) or DMPA (59.1%) as reliable methods. As for men, IUDs (53.8%) or DMPA (39.8%) were considered as reliable methods of contraception. Moreover, a higher number of women thought it was better to refrain from using IUDs (60.3%) or DMPA (61.5%) than men [IUDs (53.4%) or DMPA (40.2%)]. Those who in the younger age group (18-40 years old), had younger partners (18-40 years old), had education beyond a high school diploma and had no history of unwanted pregnancy (58%) were less likely to use LARC. Conclusions: Men and women are familiar with LARC (Long-acting reversible contraception) methods, but few believe that these methods are reliable. Demonstration of the performance of long-term methods by health personnel will increase the belief and trust of women and men in longer-lasting ways of contraception.