Objectives The elderly population is increasing, and one of the common problems in the elderly is a sleep disorder. Poor sleep quality causes various musculoskeletal problems, including chronic nonspecific Low back pain. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pre-sleep exercises on sleep quality parameters and chronic nonspecific chronic low back pain after sleep in the elderly. Methods & Materials This study was quasi-experimental. A total of 40 retirees over 60 years old of Isfahan University of Technology with a Mean±SD age of 64.52±3.18 years, a weight of 81.99±7.35 kg, and a BMI of 27.91±2.21 in a targeted manner available were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups of 20 people. The Pittsburgh Standard Questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality parameters; the VAS Pain Intensity Questionnaire was used to assess low back pain and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. The exercise program intervention was performed for 28 sessions for 15 minutes. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data; also, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used. All analyzes were performed using SPSS software v. 24. Results The results showed a significant difference between groups in sleep quality parameters such as mental quality of sleep (P=0.001), delay in falling asleep (P=0.019), duration of sleep (P=0.006), sleep efficiency and effectiveness (P=0.001), sleep disorder (P=0.016), use of sleeping pills (P=0.001), inappropriate performance during the day (P=0.002). The overall sleep quality among elderly males was P=0.001. Also, bedtime exercises can significantly affect nonspecific chronic low back pain parameters such as pain intensity (P=0.039) and disability (P=0.014) in this age group. Conclusion Doing light exercise before bed on a light to moderate basis, according to the exercise program presented in this study, can improve the disability and reduce pain severity. This seems to be one of the most critical problems in old age, namely the quality of sleep and related parameters in the elderly male with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Therefore, it is recommended that the elderly engage in regular exercise.

Purpose: Sub-acromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and affects shoulder joint proprioception. The closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises with sling are more effective and safer than open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of OKC and total-body resistance exercises (TRX) sling training on shoulder joint position sense (JPS) in overhead athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Methods: This article was a randomized control trial (RCT) study conducted in Kerman City, Iran, in 2019. The research sample included 33 overhead athletes with SIS who were randomly classified into three groups: OKC, sling, and control groups. Joint position sense (JPS) was evaluated in external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), and abduction of the dominant arm in the target angle concerning the shoulder range of motion with the Leighton flexometer. The obtained data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The post-intervention results showed that a significant difference was observed between groups (ER, P<0.001; IR, P<0.001; abduction P<0.001). The change in the sling exercises group was significantly higher in ER, and IR, except abduction JPS than in OKC (P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.235, respectively) and control groups (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Change in the OKC group was significantly higher in ER, IR, and abduction JPS (P=0.001, P=0.019, P<0.001, respectively) than in the control group. The OKC and sling exercise improved the shoulder JPS of overhead athletes with SIS. Conclusion: The study results showed that the sling exercises were more effective than the OKC exercise for the shoulder JPS because these exercises were CKC and performed on an unstable level.

Introduction: Volleyball is considered one of the most exciting and popular sports throughout the world and as this has rapid and explosive movements in various directions, the size of the forces involved in such movements can result in injuries. Regarding this, the study tried to examine the injuries and the degree of disability pain, particularly in specialized volleyball positions in the eighth most harmful sport in the world of sports. Materials and Methods: The study was retrospective descriptive examining the acute injury, chronic injury, and the pain and disability among the players. The population was all the elite players of the Premier League of Iranian boys' youth volleyball. The number of players willing to cooperate in this study was 81. Data was collected by the interviewer using Cornell and Nordic questionnaires and then the collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tests in SPSS 24 and Excel software. Results: The highest rates of acute and chronic injuries regarding the specialized position of the players were in the position (opposite) in the shoulders at 23.61 and 33.33% of the total, respectively, in the position of libero in the back area, respectively, as 15.87 and 8.33% of the total. Moreover, the rates of these injuries - acute and chronic - in outside hitter position were in the arm and elbow at 71.11 and 80% of the total, respectively, in the setter position in the back area at 16.67 and 25% of the total, and finally in the middle blocker position, the highest rate of acute injury was in the neck area with 47.78% and chronic injury in the ankle and thigh as 66.67% of the total. However, overall, the most injury belongs to the positions of outside hitter and middle blocker. However, the highest percentage of pain and disability were related to musculoskeletal problems in the lower limbs was 40.45% of the total pain and disability and in the lower limbs the highest pain and disability was observed in the knees with 20.58%. The second rate of pain and disability was in the upper limbs of athletes as 35.08%. The highest pain and disability was observed with a large difference of 18.43% in the shoulders, then 18.22% in the trunk and 13.53% in the waist. Conclusion: By studying the prevalence of injuries to athletes in specialized positions of each sport, one can plan athletes' training programs to prevent injuries and even enhance them creating better efficiency for them. Keywords: Volleyball, musculoskeletal injury, pain and disability

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