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The study's two primary goals are to determine the main travel motives of Malaysian backpackers and to examine the variations in travel motivations across three categories of backpackers: first-time, repeat, and serial. The results were collected using a self-administered online survey adopting a convenience sample technique. The non-normally distributed data were examined using exploratory factor analysis, median score assessment, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests on a sample of 249. Stimulation is the most crucial factor motivating backpackers, while recognition is the least important. The study also found that backpackers' motivation varied with travel experience. Due to limited research on Asian motivational travel determinants, notably among Malaysian backpackers, this study's motivational features are drawn from other countries. Future research should focus on non-Western motivators impacting backpackers. There is a need for more research on Asian tourism, notably Malaysian backpackers at various stages of their travel careers.

The Malaysian economy has experienced robust economic growth over the past few decades, averaging around 6 per cent a year since 2000. With competitive pressure for resources from non-agriculture sectors, there is likely to be an inadequate capacity to increase agricultural production. Attaining agriculture business performance continued relevance remains demanding in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan. Anchored in the supply chain management philosophy, this paper highlights cattle businesses and the interrelated elements of supply chain integration and a digital marketing perspective. The cattle meat industry in Malaysia is gradually transforming from unorganized backyard farming into organized farming. However, the supply chains are still characterized by inefficiencies, diseconomies of scale, lack of investments, and inadequate arrangement. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and economy of scale, added value chain is required. One form of value creation is technology adoption. The digital marketing part of technology currently leads to the adoption new business policies in agriculture production. Policies and procedures also need to be eased to facilitate investments to increase production. This paper concludes that, in many important ways, the Malaysian Government still sees food security as a public obligation, especially in the case of protein-based products, and is working attentively to increase food security for its citizens.

High-value agricultural development is expected can create job opportunities, expanding business opportunities as well increase local and foreign investment. Encouragement in high-value agricultural activities can also increase income for entrepreneurs and maximize existing resources. To achieve the objectives of the research, the study aims to determine the direction of a sustainable livestock supply chain and the effectiveness of the existing slaughtering service center in Kedah. This includes factor influence in halal-logistics value creation in livestock supply chain and practices with Sharia compliance in livestock and abattoir activities. Since halal emerge as national agenda, supply chain and production also need to tap into the importance of health and hygiene of ruminant carcass especially in producing safe meat supply in the local market, practices among ruminant abattoir operators. This concept paper also will look at a new supply chain approach using the virtual marketplace to create new market segmentation and new consumer preference as well as a good return on investment. Empirical data will be collected by use a focus group. Therefore, using the Short Supply Chain, the research outcome is to ensure Kedah emerge as a national prominent hub for beef-cattle production and beef supplier in Malaysia.

This study aimed at filling the gap in the current marketing literature on the driver of brand loyalty towards public higher education institutions in Malaysia. The drivers of brand loyalty studied include university image and perceived teaching and learning quality. Toward meeting the objective, a selfadministrated questionnaire was employed. Smart PLS was used to analyze data from 150 international students of Universiti Utara Malaysia. The result revealed that university image and perceived teaching and learning quality were significantly linked to each other and significantly affected brand loyalty. Proximity this finding will help policy maker to design or develop new marketing strategy in higher education institution which is compatible with student perception as well as to increase the number of international student enrollment.