This study aimed to investigate the cytogenetic effects of two plant plant growth regulator as, naphthalene acetic acid(NAA)and benzylaminopurine(BAP)in root meristematic cells of onion.The categories of mitotic index rate , as well as, chromosomal aberrations and types of metaphase disturbance were comparatively analyzed after germinated the onion in different concentrations of each hormone.Both hormones stimulated cell division and have aneugenic potential by acting as spindle posion via disturbed the correct separation of chromosomes to the opposite cell poles.The highest percentage of irregular cell shape was induced by five ppm of NAA.The treatments of BAP appeared a doseresponse for increasing the percentage of extended cells.All treatments increased the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities above the control group.The most dominant phenotypes of abnormalities were binucleate cells, ghost cells, vacuolated nuclei, necrosis and extended cells, which reflected the toxicity of phytohormones leading to cell death.The most dominant cytological irregularities were c-mitosis, diagonal cells, bridges at ana-telophase, chromosomal breaks and stickness which indicates clastogenic potential of these hormones.Abnormalities induced reflected the action of stimulators on the spindle apparatus such as c-metaphase, laggards chromosomes and multipolar of ana-telophases.All treatments changed the percentage of mitotic index such decreased by NAA or increased by BAP in relation to control.The decline in mitotic index reflected the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Prophase cells declined, meanwhile metaphase and anaphase cells were increased in relation to control.It can be concluded that phytohormones caused toxic effects on the eukaryotic cells via induced different types of irregular mitosis as shown in this study.

Background: Donabedian Model was the most common evaluation framework of quality in health system in the context of structure, process and outcome (SPO). A cross sectional descriptive study aimed to evaluate the PHC services provided by nurses based on Donabedians' Model at Mansoura City. Stratified random sample involved (16) PHC units at Mansoura City, purposive sample composed of all nurses on duty during the study they were 100 nurse and convenient sample of 400 clients. The data were collected through seven tools: to evaluate structure 1) An observational checklist to assess PHC units' services, 2) An observational checklist to assess PHC units' infrastructure, 3) An observational checklist to assess PHC units' infection control measures, 4) Nurses' knowledge assessment questionnaire which include: (a) Demographic data sheet of the nurses and (b) Nurses' knowledge assessment questionnaire, to evaluate process 5) Nurses' performance observational check list, and to evaluate outcome 6) Nurses' satisfaction assessment scale and 7) clients' satisfaction assessment scale which include: (a) Demographic data sheet and (b) Clients' satisfaction. Results of the present study illustrated that all of the studied PHC units provide the services of vaccination, early detection of thyroid hormone deficiency, family planning, and registration of births and deaths, while the minority (12.5%) of the studied PHC units provide health education about breast feeding, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious, and parasitic diseases, dealing with the emergency cases, and monitoring of food hygiene. More than two thirds (68.8%) of the studied PHC units had unsatisfactory safety measures, nursing staff, and laboratories. More than half (56.3%) of the studied PHC untis had unsatisfactory personal protective equipment, environments, and health care teams' role in infection control. All the nurses had a poor knowledge about principles, dimensions of quality services, and quality standards. The means of nurses' performance in vaccinations, family services and practitioner role were 11.75±1.25, 5.50±1.50, and 11.31±2.56 respectively. Nurses' job satisfaction means in relation to salaries, and incentives, organizational policy, interaction components, and methods of autonomy were 4.74±8.93, 8.21±3.85, 2.96±11.02, and 18.74±5.50 respectively. Finally means of clients' satisfaction from quality of nursing care related to nurses' knowledge, and information, professional behavior, clinical skills, and nursing care, and decision-making skills were 8.11±2.90, 17.38±4.38, 16.21±5.51, and 4.48±2.90 respectively. The study recommended that continuous assessment and evaluation for PHC units' quality of services. On job training programs for nurses working at PHC units regarding quality should be provided periodically. Equipping PHC units with standard structured and process of care to achieve desirable outcome. Estimate clients' satisfaction via different tools as questionnaire and suggestions boxes and other valuable channels must be available to pic...