Liver diseases are life-threatening and need urgent medical treatments. Conventional treatment is expensive and toxic, so the urge for nutraceutical hepatoprotective agents is crucial. This study is considered the first metabolic profile of Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) extracts of; flowers, leaves & bark adopting UPLC-Orbitrap HRMS analysis to determine their bioactive metabolites, and it was designed to investigate the potential hepatoprotective activity of A. elaphroxylon flowers and bark extracts against CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Forty-nine compounds of various classes were detected in the three extracts, with triterpenoid saponins as the major detected metabolite. Flowers and bark extracts presented similar chemical profile while leaves extract was quite different. The antioxidant activities of the flowers, leaves & bark extracts were measured by in vitro assays as Fe+3 reducing antioxidant power and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity. It revealed that flowers and bark extracts had relatively high antioxidant activity as compared to leaves extract. Based on the metabolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity, flowers and bark ethanolic extracts were chosen for alleviation of hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. The hepatoprotective activity was studied through measuring hepatotoxicity biomarkers in serum (ALT, AST, and Albumin). Liver tissues were examined histopathologically and their homogenates were used in determining the intracellular levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GSH), inflammatory markers (TNF-α). Flowers and bark ethanolic extracts exerted a significant hepatoprotective effect through reduction in the activities of ALT, AST and Albumin, the tested extracts reduced oxidative stress by increasing GSH content and reducing the MDA level. Furthermore, the extracts decreased levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α. Moreover, the present study revealed the potentiality of A. elaphroxylon in ameliorating the CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. In this aspect, A. elaphroxylon can be used with other agents as a complementary drug.

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The building roof is one of the most important components of the building's envelope, as it plays a major role in protecting the internal spaces from the harsh climatic conditions of the external environment, as reaching thermal comfort in inner spaces is an essential issue required by its users. Thus, the research aims in enhancing the performance of vaulted roofs as they are known by their increasing heat gain leading to the rise in temperature of the inner spaces, eventually the loss of thermal comfort in which this research seeks. Hence, this study is an attempt to evaluate and test the thermal performance of such residential buildings located in the Egyptian dry desert climate. In achieving so, the research adopts an analytical field approach by measuring both internal and external temperatures and humidity of a single vaulted residential room in Heissa Island of Aswan city in southern Egypt, as a representative case study of the dry desert climate. Two main devices are therefore utilized for measuring both the internal and external temperatures, noting that the wind factor is neglected as any openings have been entirely shut, The results showed that the temperature is far from the comfort zone, which leads to the consumption of more energy to reach the room's atmosphere to feel the thermal comfort inside.

The state seeks to achieve the principles of sustainability contained in the 2030 Sustainable Development Strategy related to the rationalization of energy consumption, so the environmental dimension is one of the most important elements that must be taken into account in the design of buildings, especially in the hot desert regions, because of its great importance in achieving thermal comfort for building users and reducing the use of cooling, air conditioning and heating. The final roof of the building is considered one of the important components of the building envelope, which plays a major role in protecting the internal spaces from the external environment with harsh climatic conditions. Vault is one of architectural elements that contribute to improving the thermal performance within roofing with. The research assumes that the change in the formal elements of the vault (shape-proportions-dimensions) leads to an improvement in its thermal performance, especially in hot desert regions, The study aims to improve the thermal performance of roofed spaces in vaults in hot desert regions of Egypt by changing its formal elements, the research adopts the inductive method by studying the climatic features of the Egyptian hot desert region, the concept of thermal comfort, methods of evaluating them inside building, definition of the vault and its different forms and thermal characteristics, and the field monitoring methodology of the vaults in Egypt (their formstheir locations), through the field surveys of Egyptian cities, and finally an applied analytical approach using a simulation program for the elements of the vault, The results showed some of the necessary design criteria that must be followed when using the vault as a cover for the spaces in the buildings built in the hot desert regions of Egypt.